1. The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and how water moves through various pathways between the atmosphere and Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2. It describes how runoff water can form streams and tributaries and eventually rivers, and how streams and rivers can deposit sediments to form features like deltas and alluvial fans as they enter lakes and oceans.
3. The document also discusses the formation of landforms like meandering streams, oxbow lakes, and floodplains, and how human activities like adding fertilizers can speed up the natural eutrophication process in lakes.
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Surface water & Ground water 2013 acloutier
1. Surface Water & Ground
WaterAnn C. Cloutier
Earth & Space Sciences 9th grade
copyright 2013
Surface water movement
Stream development
Lakes & freshwater Wetlands
2. Hydrologic cycle never ending journey of water molecules
Earth water supply is the pathways water moves through
recycled in a continuous creating clouds, rain, snow,
glaciers, fill lakes oceans and water
process called the hydrologic spends some of the cycle as
cycle consumed in the food web as cells
Evaporation or as water soluble nutrients by
living organisms
Condensation Radiation from our Sun
Precipitation initiates the hydrologic cycle
transforming the liquid
Engine * Sun molecule into a gas or solid
Sun’s energy powers the
evaporation and GRAVITY is the force
condensation processes
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4. Runoff Ground water
Runoff is water Water that seeps into
running downslope Earth’s surfaces
along the surfaces of becomes
Earth groundwater.
Impermeability, or the
Porosity of the soil
lack of pores to allow will determine how
water to seep into the much water will enter
ground, will make the the ground
water move down slope
and could form a stream
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6. Vegetation
Soil composition
Rate of rainfall
Soil composition Vegetation allows more
The physical and chemical water to enter the ground
composition of soil also by slowing the rain drops
effects the water holding on the leaves and letting
capacity of soil gently drop to the ground
Humus>decayed leaves,
roots, organic matter and
minerals creates pores Rate of precipitation
Sand, clay and silt have A light gentle precipitation
different size pores infiltrates dry ground
Heavy rainfall does not allow
happens too fast and can not
soak into ground and will
runoff
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10. Slope
is the angle of incline
Less of a slope allows the water to be
absorbed into the ground
The steeper the slope the less chance water
has to be slowed down enough to be
absorbed
Steeper the slope , the more likely erosion
will be with runoff
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14. Stream Systems
Runoff channels can turn into streams if
there is enough volume
Some streams flow into lakes
Some streams join together and form
tributaries or river systems
A large stream is called a river
Small streams are called brooks and creeks
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20. Watershed is composed of all land that contributes
to the area whose water drains into it also called a drainage
basin
Stream load is all the Living component
materials a stream would be fish,
carries microscopic life
forms and plants
Non-living would be
rocks, sediments,
dissolved solids,
dissolved atmospheric
gases
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21. Solution, suspension & bed load
Materials carried in solution after being
dissolved in a stream of soluble minerals
Calcium carbonates from limestone is an
example and magnesium minerals
Often expressed as ppm parts per million
Knowing this ppm helps us understand
water quality acloutier 2012 copyright
24. Which stream will have the greater carrying
capacity ?
A. B.
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25. •Suspension Bed load
All particles small All particles consisting of
enough to be held up sand, pebbles, and cobbles
in suspension by the that the streams water can
turbulence of the roll and tumble along the
bed of the stream are
stream’s called the bed load
moving water are said
to be in suspension
As particles move, they
P articles of clay, sand, rub and grind up against
silt are part of the each other , abrasion
stream’s suspended process wearing away the
load solid river bed and each
Rapid moving water other
can carry larger
particles than slower
moving wateracloutier 2012 copyright
26. Velocity & Carrying Capacity
discharge is expressed as cubic meters per second ( m³ / s )
to calculate the discharge of a stream
discharge = width x depth x velocity
(m³ / s ) = m x m x (m / s)
* the Mississippi has a discharge average
of 173,600 m ³/ s
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27. Floodplains
A flood occurs when the water spills over the
sides of a stream’s bank onto the adjacent land
The broad flat area that extends out from a
stream’s bank and that gets covered by the
excess water is called a floodplain
Floods are a natural occurrence, about every two
years on average, rivers over flow their banks
Living in a flood zone is not a good idea
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29. V- shaped valleys are carved by water
V - shape valleys are narrow because they
are gorged out by narrow rivers
Rivers and streams want to reach the
lowest elevation called base level
The Colorado is still doing this for millions
of years at the Grand Canyon
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31. One of the Seven Wonders of the
World
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32. Meandering Streams
A bend or curve in a stream channel caused by
moving water is called a meander
Water moves more slowly here because of less
volume and the flat surface it travels through
The outside part of the stream erodes the sides
,called cutbanks
where as the inside builds up sandbars by
depositing sands and gravel called point bars
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34. :
1. Maximum velocity of a river or stream is in
the middle of it.
2. Where sediments are dropped at the a fan
shaped deposit will form called an alluvial
fan
alluvial fans are sloping depositional features
formed at the base of slopes and composed of
mostly sand and gravel
3. A delta is a triangular deposit that forms as
a stream enters a body of water.
∆ Delta deposits usually consist of clay and silt
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35. Young , Old and Mature
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37. Eutrophication of a lake
Lakes are temporary water-holding sites
Eventually they fill in with sediments over
hundreds of thousands of years and become part
of the terrestrial landscape
Through the process of Eutrophication and using
the Sun’s radiant energy, photosynthesis , plants
add oxygen and waste to the lake water.
Once dissolved oxygen is used up, the lake can no
longer support aquatic life.
Natural nutrients enriching processes can be sped
up when humans add fertilizers, detergents or
sewerage to the water
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39. Wetlands
Are low lying areas that are periodically
saturated with water and support specific
plant species. They can include bogs,
swamps and marshes
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