This is the second in a series of 3 presentations to the Bridgton Senior College on April 24th, 2014. This presentation was on the planning profession and how it evolved and what it's like today.

1. Planning Profession
Then and Now
Anne Krieg, AICP
Bridgton Director of
Planning, Economic
& Community
Development

2. Ancient Planning
• Top down approach (though
philosophers and
mathematicians could
weigh in)
• Water supply
• Military needs

3. Middle Ages
• Church or feudal authority
• Villages
• Footpaths

4. Renaissance
• Glorifying the ruler
or the state
• Military
• Access

5. Early
Planners
• 1682 William Penn
– Philadelphia
• 1791 Pierre L
Enfant – DC plan
• 1811 NYC
Commissioner’s
Plan

6. Industrial Revolution Planners
• James Silk Buckingham – National Evils and
Practical Remedies 1849
• John Snow’s Cholera Map 1855
• Georges-Eugene Haussmann 1850-1870’s
• Frederick Law Olmsted 1850’s-1880
• Edward Bellamy Looking Backwards 1888
• Camillo Sitte – City Planning According to
Artistic Principles 1889
• Societies of Architects and Landscape Architects
formed

8. The
Progressive
Movement
• Design
• Recreation
• Better Living
• City Beautiful

9. People in the Progressive Movement
• Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of Tomorrow
1902
• McMillan Plan – the best of the best in one
room 1902
• Daniel Burnham – Chicago (1909) and San
Francisco (1906)
• Walter Gropius - Bauhaus movement- 1919
• Patrick Geddes – regional planning

10. The profession takes hold
• National Conference on City
Planning (DC) 1909
• Harvard starts courses in planning
1909 – planning program in 1923
• Massachusetts requires planning
1913
• American City Planning Institute
1917
• Regional Planning Association
1923

11. The Depression
• Economic Management
• Housing Programs
• Natural Resource Planning
• Planning Schools become more social
science based

12. Thinkers in Urban
Stagnation
• Frank Lloyd Wright The
Disappearing City 1932
• National Planning Board 1933
• Lewis Mumford film The City
1939
• NY World’s Fair Futurama
exhibit 1939

14. The Profession shifts to federal levels
• National
Planning Board
1933
• US
Resettlement
Administration
1938
• US Housing Act
1937
• Farm Security
Administration
1937

15. Other Professional society shifts
• American Institute of Planners 1938
• MIT – Masters of City Planning 1935
• Cornell – regional planning 1935
• The Green Bible is written 1941

16. Post WWII
• People spilling from the city into planned
towns
• Urban Renewal
• Influenced by modernism
• William Levitt 1950
• Brasilia

17. Robert Moses
You can draw any kind of picture you want
on a clean slate and indulge your every
whim in the wilderness in laying out a New
Delhi, Canberra, or Brasilia, but when you
operate in an overbuilt metropolis, you
have to hack your way with a meat ax.

18. Social Activism
in Planning
• Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of
Great American Cities 1961
• Rachel Carson Silent Spring 1962
• Martin Anderson The Federal
Bulldozer; a critical analysis of
urban renewal 1964
• Ian McHarg Design with Nature
1969

19. More evolution in planning
• Adaptive Reuse – Lawrence Halprin 1962
• Edmund Bacon 1967 Philadelphia planner
• Academics in Planning
– Kevin Lynch The Image of the City (when we
started speaking planner-ese)
– Lewis Mumford The City in History… 1961
– TJ Kent 1964 The Urban General Plan

20. And more
Federal
Planning
• Economic
Development
Administration
1965
• HUD 1965
• Model Cities
Program 1966

21. Next Gen Planning
• Environmental based planning
• Marked guilt from urban renewal
loss of neighborhoods
• Loathing of Suburban Life/Layout

22. People
• Horst, Webber Dilemmas in a General Theory of
Planning 1973
• Robert Caro The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the
Fall of NY 1974
• Norman Krumholz – work on equity planning 1982
• Bluestone, Harrison The Deindustrialization of
America 1982
• Robert Fishman Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall
of suburbs 1987
• John Forester Planning in the Face of Power 1989

23. Profession
changes
• American Planning Association 1978
• Environmental Systems Research
Institute (ESRI) – GIS
• National Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) established
• “star planners” Andre Duany

24. Millenial Years
• Transportation
planning
• Congress of
New Urbanism
• Smart Growth
• Form Based
Codes
• Collaborative
Planning

25. Planning Today
what hasn’t
changed
• Built environment –
architecture, landscape
architecture
• Public Health
• Social Work
• Natural Environment
• International Planning
(nothing to worry about)

26. Jack of all trades
• Designers
• Economists
• Environmental
managers
• Decision
theorists
• Negotiation
experts
•Political
scientists
•Public
administration
professionals
•Lawyers
•Engineers

27. Planning Profession
• Not one unifying theory but share
basic principles
• Advise, not decide
• See results 5 to 20 years later
• Broadly defined “clients”
• Diverse interests

28. Problem Solving in
Planning
• As you look at
possible solution,
the questions
change
• Not linear
decisions, but
often options with
repercussions
• Can only predict
outcomes
• Can’t test a theory
• A problem may be
a symptom of
another problem

29. What we
sometimes do
Crisis mitigation
emerge out of series of crises and
people’s responses to them
health crises (epidemics)
social crises (riots, strikes)
other crises (fire, flood, etc.)
Post 9/11
Post Katrina & Sandy

30. Me?
Community Planning
– Transparency
– Clarify the interests
– Inclusiveness
– Truth-seeking
– Never forget it’s
your community