Verb tense in citations

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Verb tense in citations
Notes on Academic English: Writing

Citation and tense
• Researcher activity as agent : past
simple.
• Jones (1987) investigated the causes of
lung cancer

Citation and tense
• Researcher activity not as agent :
present perfect.
• The causes of lung cancer have been
widely investigated.

Citation and tense
• No reference to researcher activity:
present simple.
• The causes of lung cancer are complex.

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Verb tense in citations

1. Verb tense in citations Notes on Academic English: Writing

2. Citation and tense • Researcher activity as agent : past simple. • Jones (1987) investigated the causes of lung cancer

3. Citation and tense • Researcher activity not as agent : present perfect. • The causes of lung cancer have been widely investigated.

4. Citation and tense • No reference to researcher activity: present simple. • The causes of lung cancer are complex.