3. We may feel sick, sleepy, confused or
nauseous. (waste products)
We will feel tired and pale. (RBC)
We may have ankle swellings & start to feel
breathless. (extra fluid)
We may have bad breath & loss of appetite.
(waste products)
5. • First form of dialysis practised by Romans.
• 1854- the term dialysis was used for the first time by
Thomas Graham.
• 1913- first article on hemodialysis- ‘Artificial kidney’
• 1920’s- first dialysis performed by George Hass
• 1948- first successful dialysis in Mount Sinai hospital by
Willem Kolff
6. Dialysis is the movement of fluid and molecules across
a semipermeable membrane from one compartment to
another.
Clinically, dialysis is a technique in which substances
move from the blood through a semipermeable
membrane and into a dialysis solution (dialysate)
14. Cleanses the blood of accumulated waste
products
Removes the by-products of protein
metabolism (urea, creatinine & uric acid)
Removes excessive fluids
Maintains or restores the buffer system of the
body
Maintains or restores electrolyte levels
15. Removal of solutes and water from the blood across a
semipermeable membrane
20. DIALYSATE
The fluid that is pumped through the
dialyser on the opposite side of the semi
permeable membrane to the patients
blood.
Correct the chemical composition of
uremic blood to normal physiological
levels.
29. Advantages Disadvantages
less danger of clotting
and bleeding
can be used
indefinitely
decreased incidence of
infection
no external dressing
required
freedom of movement
cannot be used
immediately after insertion
venipuncture is required
for dialysis
infiltration of needles →
hematoma
aneurysm in the fistula
Arterial steal syndrome
Congestive heart failure
30.
31. Advantages Disadvantages
less danger of clotting
and bleeding
can be used
indefinitely
decreased incidence of
infection
no external dressing
required
freedom of movement
cannot be used
immediately after insertion
venipuncture is required
for dialysis
infiltration of needles →
hematoma
aneurysm in the fistula
Arterial steal syndrome
Congestive heart failure
32. Access is formed by the
surgical insertion of 2
silastic cannulas into
an artery or vein in
the forearm or leg to
form an external
blood path.
33. Advantages Disadvantages
can be used
immediately after
insertion
no venipuncture
necessary for dialysis
external danger of
disconnecting or
dislodging the shunt
risk of hemorrhage,
infection or clotting
skin erosion around
the catheter site
37. for acute dialysis
In the patient who is imminently awaiting a kidney
transplant
for maturation of AV access
Limited availability of vessels
Patients undergoing plasmapheresis
For continuos renal replacement therapies
Patients on peritoneal dialysis requiring temporary
hemodialysis because of peritonitis.
38. may be inserted for
short term or temporary
use in acute renal
failure
usually filled w/
heparin & capped to
maintain patency
between dialysis
treatments
may be left in place for
up to 6 wks if
complications do not
occur
39. may be inserted for
short term or temporary
use in acute renal
failure
client should not sit up
more than 45 or lean
forward, or the catheter
may kink & occlude.
an IV infusion pump
w/ microdrip tubing
should be used if a
heparin infusion
through the catheter is
prescribed
40.
41. Weight
Blood volume monitoring
Blood pressure
Temperature and pulse
Serum biochemistry and hematology
57. Requires a peritoneal
cycling machine called
a cycler
Can be done as
intermittent peritoneal
dialysis, continuous
cycling peritoneal
dialysis, or nightly
peritoneal dialysis
58.
59. 1. The dialysate is instilled into
the peritoneal cavity through an
implant catheter attached to a
transferline, which is attached to
a bag of dialysate.
2. Once the fluid has been
instilled completely into the
peritoneal cavity, the empty
bag and transferline are
folded up and worn in a cloth
pouch beneath the clothing.
Thus, the patient is free to
ambulate and resume his
normal daily activities.
60. 3. When it is time to drain off the effluent, the bag is unfolded, placed on the floor
and drainage is achieved by gravity. A new bag of dialysate is then attached to the
transferline and the process is repeated. Usually the solution exchange procedure
takes about 15 minutes.
61. o FREEDOM FROM DIALYSIS MACHINE
o CONTROL OVER DAILY ACTIVITIES
o OPPURTUNITIES TO AVOID DIETARY
RESTRICTIONS
62. History of multiple abdominal surgeries.
Recurrent hernias
Obesity
Pre –existing vertebral disease
Severe obstructive pulmonary disease
63. Exit site infection
Peritonitis
Abdominal pain
Outflow problems
Hernias
Lower back problems
Bleeding
Pulmonary complications
Protein loss
Carbohydrate and lipid abnormalities
Encapsulating sclerosing peritonitis & loss of ultrfiltration
67. 1) Fluid volume excess related to fluid accumulation/
inadequate dialysis
2) Risk for fluid volume deficit related to rapid removal
of fluid during treatment
3) Risk for altered tissue perfusion related to risk of
vascular access clotting/ disconnection
4) Risk for infection related to presence of access site
and invasive procedure
5) Body image disturbance related to presence of access
site.
68. Pain/discomfort related to dialysis process.
Altered thought process related to dialysis
diaequilibrium syndrome
Ineffective individual/ family coping related to
diagnosis of chronic illness
Noncompliance to prescribed treatment regimen
69. a)Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirement
related to protein loss in the dialysate
b)Risk for infection realted to presence of peritoneal
dialysis catheter.
c) risk for imbalanced fluid volume related to
hypertonicity of the dialysate or inadequate exchange.
d) activity intolerance to related to fatigue
e) risk for complications related to the disease condition
and dialysis procedure
70. 1) TUCKER MARTIN SUSAN, CANOBBIO. M. MARY, PAQUETTE VARGO ELEANOR
WELLS FYFE MARJORIE, PATIENT CARE STANDARDS, COLLOBORATIVE PRACTICE
PLANNING GUIDES, 6TH EDITION, 1996, MOSBY PUBLICATIONS, USA, PAGE NO:-
690-696.
2) THOMAS NICOLA, RENAL NURSING, THIRD EDITION (2008). BALLIERE TINDALL,
ELSEVIER PUBLICATIONS, CHINA, PAGE NO: 181-244.
3) KALLENBACH Z. JUDITH, GUTCH F.C, STONER H.MARTHA., COREA L. ANNA,
REVIEW OF HEMODIALYSIS FOR NURSES AND DIALYSIS PERSONNEL, SEVENTH
EDITION, 2005, ELSEVIER PUBLICATION ,MISSOURI, PAGE NO: 61- 136.
4) LEWIS. L SHARON,HEITKEMPER McLEAN, MARGARET, DIRKSEN RUFF SHANNON,
O’BRIEN GRABER PATRICIA, BUCHER LINDA, LEWIS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
NURSING, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CLINICAL PROBLEM, 7TH
EDITION, 2011, ELSEVIER PUBLICATIONS, India, PAGE NO: 1216-1223.
5) NISSENSON R. ALLEN, FINE N. RICHARD, HANDBOOK OF DIALYSIS THERAPY, 4TH
EDITION (2008), ELSEVIER PUBLICATIONS, PHILADELPHIA.
6) MASSRY G. SHAUL, GLASSOCK J. RICHARD, TEXTBOOK OF NEPHROLOGY, VOLUME
2 , 3RD EDITION, 1995, WILLIAM AND WILKINS PUBLICATIONS, USA, PAGE NO: 1510-
1600.