Reactions of benzene -Nitration of Benzene -Sulphonation -Halogenation -Friedel Craft Alkylation -Friedel Craft Acylation

1. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 1-Reactions
Of Benzene
For B.Pharmacy 3rdSemester
As per PCI Syllabus

2. Nitration of
Benzene

3. The nitration of benzene is another example of an
electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.
In this reaction, a hydrogen atom on the benzene
ring is substituted with a nitro group (-NO2). The
typical reagents for the nitration reaction are nitric
acid and sulfuric acid:

4. Reaction Mechanism
The first step in the nitration of benzene is to
activate HNO3with sulfuric acid to produce a
stronger electrophile, the nitronium ion.
Nitronium ion(Electrophile)

5. The electron rich benzene molecules (nucleophile)
attacks nitronium ion(electrophile) leading to the
formation of a carbocation which is stabilized by
resonance.
carbocation which is stabilized by resonance

6. The carbocation formed loses a proton to
yield nitrobenzene.
carbocation

7. Sulphonation

10. Halogenation

11. Cl

14. Friedel Craft
Alkylation

16. AlCl4R

20. Friedel Craft Acylation

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