11. *ICP = Intervención coronaria
percutánea
SCA con ST
• < 12 h
• Síntomas persistentes
• Choque
SI ¿Es posible hacer *ICP en < 120 min? NO
*ICP Fibrinolisis
12. • Dolor / ansiedad
• Oxigenación
Qué hacer • Bioquímica
después? – Troponina, ó
– CK – MB
• Antiagregación
• Anticoagulación
13. Los resultados de los estudios patrocinados
por la industria, favorecen a..
.. la industria !
14. Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies
Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies, Outcome 1
Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results
Number of studies with favorable efficacy results.
Review: Industry sponsorship and research outcome
Study or subgroup Industry Non-industry Risk Ratio Weight Risk Ratio
Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studiesIV,Fixed,95%CI
n/N n/N IV,Fixed,95%CI
Alasbali 2009 7/29 2/10 0.3 % 1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ]
Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results
Bero 2007 65/94 48/97 11.5 % 1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ]
Study or subgroup Industry Non-industry Risk Ratio Weight Risk Ratio
Booth 2008 49/120 50/165 6.8 % 1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ]
n/N n/N IV,Fixed,95%CI IV,Fixed,95%CI
Bourgeois 2010 222/260 48/85 18.1 % 1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ]
Alasbali 2009 7/29 2/10 0.3 % 1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ]
Clifford 2002 46/66 21/34 7.1 % 1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ]
Bero 2007 65/94 48/97 11.5 % 1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ]
Etter 2007 25/49 9/41 1.7 % 2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ]
Booth 2008 49/120 50/165 6.8 % 1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ]
Kelly 2006 12/13 4/8 1.3 % 1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ]
Bourgeois 2010 222/260 48/85 18.1 % 1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ]
Momeni 2009
Clifford 2002 20/24
46/66 69/85
21/34 15.9 %
7.1 % 1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ] ]
1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26
Moncrieff 2003
Etter 2007 2/2
25/49 2/7
9/41 0.5 %
1.7 % 2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ] ]
2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39
P Kelly 2006
erlis 2005b 93/113
12/13 37/49
4/8 20.7 %
1.3 % 1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ] ]
1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31
Rasmussen 2009
Momeni 2009 66/109
20/24 14/28
69/85 4.2 %
15.9 % 1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26 ] ]
1.21 [ 0.81, 1.81
Rattinger 2009
Moncrieff 2003 26/36
2/2 18/25
2/7 6.7 %
0.5 % 2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39 ] ]
1.00 [ 0.73, 1.38
Tulikangas 2006
Perlis 2005b 15/15
93/113 7/9
37/49 5.0 %
20.7 % 1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31 ] ]
1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87
Vlad 2007
Rasmussen 2009 5/11
66/109 0/4
14/28 0.1 %
4.2 % 1.21 [ [ 0.31, 68.24 ]
4.58 0.81, 1.81 ]
TotalRattinger CI)
(95% 2009 941
26/36 647
18/25 100.0 %
6.7 % 1.24 [ 1.14, 1.38 ] ]
1.00 [ 0.73, 1.35
Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry)
Tulikangas 2006 15/15 7/9 5.0 % 1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87 ]
Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35%
Vlad 2007 5/11
Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001) 0/4 0.1 % 4.58 [ 0.31, 68.24 ]
TestTotal (95%differences: Not applicable
for subgroup CI) 941 647 100.0 % 1.24 [ 1.14, 1.35 ]
Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry)
Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35% 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001) Industry less favorable Industry more favorable
Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L.
Industry sponsorship and research outcome.applicable
Test for subgroup differences: Not
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: MR000033.
17. Clopidogrel 300 mg
• 12.562 pacientes con SCA sin ST
• Clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día
mantenimiento)
• Vs. Placebo
• Seguimiento: 12 meses
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK.
Effects of clopi- dogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment
elevation.
18. Clopidogrel 300 mg
Muerte cardiovascular, IM no fatal ó ECV: Sangrado:
9.3% vs. 11.4% / RR 0.80; IC 0.72 – 0.90 3.7% vs. 2.7% / RR 1.38; IC 1.13 – 1.67
21 eventos menos por cada 1000 pacientes tratados.
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK.
Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.
N Engl J Med 2001;345:494 – 502.
19. Clopidogrel 600 mg
• 25.086 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST.
• Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día
mantenimiento).
• Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento).
• Seguimiento: un mes
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
20. Clopidogrel 600 mg
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
21. Clopidogrel 600 mg
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
22. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP
• 17.263 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST, LLEVADOS A ICP.
• Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día
mantenimiento).
• Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento).
• Seguimiento: 30 días
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
23. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
24. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
25. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP
The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
26. ASA + Clopidogrel:
Administrar una dosis de carga de 600
mg solo cuando se tiene certeza que el
paciente va a ser llevado a ICP temprana
y usar 300 mg en los demás casos.
27. • El sangrado gastrointestinal es la
complicación grave más común del uso
prolongado de antiplaquetarios.
• El omeprazol inhibe la CYP2C19,
disminuye la actividad del clopidogrel ex
vivo.
Omeprazol?
28. Omeprazol
• 3873 pacientes antiagregados con ASA + clopidogrel.
• Omeprazol 20 mg/día
• Vs. no omeprazol
• Mediana de seguimiento: 106 días
Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al.
Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
29. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al.
Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
30. ASA + Clopidogrel + Omeprazol:
El estudio fue terminado prematuramente sin completar el
tamaño de muestra calculado y el número de eventos
cardiovasculares fue muy pequeño.
El uso de omeprazol reduce la tasa de sangrado gastrointestinal
en pacientes con doble antiagregación, con un perfil de
seguridad adecuado.
Omeprazol
31. Prasugrel
v
• 13.608 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST llevados a ICP.
• Prasugrel (carga de 60 mg y 10 mg/día mantenimiento)
• Vs. clopidogrel (carga de 300 mg y 75 mg/día mantenimiento)
• Mediana de seguimiento: 15 meses
Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
32. Prasugrel
Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
33. Prasugrel
Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
34. Prasugrel
• El sangrado fue más frecuente en pacientes con:
– Peso < 60 kilos
– Edad > 75 años
– Antecedente de ACV o isquemia cerebral transitoria
previa.
• En el subgrupo de pacientes diabéticos se
observó una mayor eficacia del pragugrel.
Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
35. Prasugrel
• 9.326 pacientes con SCA sin ST y AI, no
revascularizados.
• Prasugrel 10 mg/día (5m/día en los >75 años)
• Vs. Clopidogrel 75mg/día
• Mediana seguimiento 15 meses
The TRILOGY ACS Investigators.
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization.
N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
36. Prasugrel
The TRILOGY ACS Investigators.
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization.
N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
37. ASA + Prasugrel:
Se podría usar en pacientes que no
tengan predictores de sangrado como
historia de ECV ó isquemia cerebral
transitoria, peso <60 kg ni edad >75
años.
38. Ticagrelor
• 18.624 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST
• Ticagrelor (180 mg de carga y 90 mg /12h de mantenimiento)
• Vs. Clopidogrel (300 a 600 mg de carga y 75 mg/día
mantenimiento)
• Mediana de seguimiento: 9 meses
The PLATO Investigators.
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
41. No 4564 9.0 11.6 0.79 (0.65, 0.95)
Female
Yes Ticagrelor10.1 11.7 0.86 (0.78, 0.96)
5288 11.2 13.2
14060
0.83 (0.71, 0.97)
Weight Group
ACE Inhibitors (Rand.) 0.27
<60 kg 1312 13.1 17.3 0.75 (0.60, 0.99) 0.36
No kg
³60 17256 9.4 11.2
8102 9.5 10.6 0.90 (0.78, 1.03)
0.86 (0.78, 0.94)
Hazard Ratios and Rates of Primary End Point10522Predefined Subgroups of0.91) 0.17
Yes kg
<80 in 11.4 12.8 0.81 (0.72, 1.01) Patients
9055 10.1 12.5 0.90 (0.79, Study
³80 kg
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (Rand.) 9513 8.3 10.5 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) 0.37
No
Medical History of DM 16981 9.6 % 11.6
KM at 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) 0.49
Yes
No Hazard Ratio Total Month 12
13962 11.8 12.8
1643 8.4 10.2 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) P value
0.83 (0.74, 0.92)
Characteristic
Yes
Calcium Channel Blockers (Rand.) (95% CI) Patients 14.1 16.2
4662 Ti. Cl. 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) (Interaction)
HR (95% CI) 0.33
Overall Treatment Effect
Region
No 15888 9.6 11.3 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) 0.05
Yes Endpoint
Primary
Asia/Australia 18624
1714
2736 10.8 11.7
9.8 14.8
11.4 13.8 0.80 (0.61, 0.92)
0.76 (0.77, 0.95)
0.84 1.04)
New ST elevation/LBBB at rand.
Central/South America
Proton Pump Inhibitors (Rand.) 1237 15.2 17.9 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) 0.69
0.68
No
Europe/Middle East/Africa
No 11074
13859
12249 10.1
8.8
9.2 12.3
11.0 0.83 (0.74, 0.93)
0.80 (0.72, 0.90)
Yes
Yes America
North 7544
1814
6375 9.4
11.9
11.0 10.8
9.6
12.9 0.87 (0.75, 1.01)
1.25 (0.93, 1.67)
0.86 (0.75, 1.00)
First Troponin I Prior to Index Event
Antiplatelet Therapy 0.43
0.29
0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0
Positive ± ASA
Clopidogrel 15089 15.8 12.3
1397 10.3 17.8 0.95 (0.73, 1.24)
0.85 (0.77, 0.94)
Negative
ASA Ticagrelor better Clopidogrel better 11.8 14.0
5024 7.0 7.0
2968 1.00 (0.71, 0.98)
0.84 (0.75, 1.32)
None
Time from Index Event to First IP 12147 8.2 10.0 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) 0.17
<12 hours
ASA on Day of Rand. 9556 8.2 10.4 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) 0.86
³12
The PLATO Investigators. hours
No 8854
927 11.6 12.9
11.4 13.8 0.90 (0.79, 1.01)
0.87 (0.60, 1.27)
Figure 2
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Yes
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
Planned Treatment Approach 17697 9.7 11.6 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) 0.88
42. Ticagrelor
Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, et al.
Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO)
trial. Circulation. 2011;124:544–54.
43. ASA + Ticagrelor:
La FDA advierte que se utilicen dosis bajas de ASA
en combinación con ticagrelor.
Las guías norteamericanas no recomiendan el
ticagrelor como la primera elección en los SCA.
44. Comparación: Infarto de miocardio y
muerte cardiovascular
40
Reducción relativa del riesgo
35
30
25 * Clopidogrel 600 mg
* * (CURRENT-OASIS)
(%)
20 Prasugrel (TRITON-
* TIMI)
15
Ticagrelor (PLATO)
10
5
0
Infarto Muerte CV
49. Vs.
• Enoxaparina fue no inferior a HNF en pacientes con SCA con ST 1 y SCA
sin ST.2
• Tendencia a < mortalidad.
• Menor incidencia de sangrado mayor.
• Se puede usar con cualquier estrategia de reperfusión.
1. Navarese E, De Luca G, Castriota F, Kozinski M, Gurbel P, Gibson C et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins vs. unfractionated heparin in the
setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Journal of Thrombosis and
Haemostasis, 9: 1902–1915
50. Vs.
• Fondaparinux fue no inferior a enoxaparina en SCA sin ST.1
• Fondaparinux mejor que HNF en SCA con ST, contra
enoxaparina no ha sido estudiado en SCA con ST.
• Tendencia menor incidencia de sangrado.
1. The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin in
Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1464-76.
51. Vs.
• Bivalirudina es un inhibidor directo de la trombina (factor IIa).
• En SCA sin ST 1 y en SCA con ST 2 fue no inferior a HNF o
HBPM + inhibidor IIb/IIIa.
• Menos tasas de sangrado mayor.
1. ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2203–2216
2. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised
controlled trial. Mehran R et al. Lancet. (2009)
52. Metoprolol
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45 852 patients
with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-
controlled trial
COMMIT(ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborativegroup*
Summary
Lancet 2005; 366: 1622–32 Background Despite previous randomised trials of early -blocker therapy in the emergency treatment of myocardial
S omment page 1587
eeC infarction (MI), uncertainty has persisted about the value of adding it to current standard interventions (eg, aspirin
and fibrinolytic therapy), and the balance of potential benefits and hazards is still unclear in high-risk patients.
Dr Zhengming C
Correspondence to:
hen, Clinical Trial • 45.852 pacientes con SCA (la mayoría con ST).
Service Unit and Epidemiological
Methods 45 852 patients admitted to 1250 hospitals within 24 h of suspected acute MI onset were randomly allocated
Studies Unit (C U), R
TS ichard Doll
Building, Old R C
oad ampus, metoprolol (up to 15 mg intravenous then 200 mg oral daily; n=22 929) or matching placebo (n=22 923). 93% had
ST-segment elevation or bundle branch block, and 7% had ST-segment depression. Treatment was to continue until
• Metoprolol (hasta 15 mg IV y luego 200 mg/día)
Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
zhengming.chen@ctsu.ox.ac. discharge or up to 4 weeks in hospital (mean 15 days in survivors) and 89% completed it. The two prespecified co-
uk
primary outcomes were: (1) composite of death, reinfarction, or cardiac arrest; and (2) death from any cause during
or the scheduled treatment period. Comparisons were by intention to treat, and used the log-rank method. This study is
Dr J
inxiang Xie, Fuwai hospital, registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 00222573.
Beijing 100037, PRC
ccstwo@public3.bta.net.cn
hina
• Vs. Placebo
Findings Neither of the co-primary outcomes was significantly reduced by allocation to metoprolol. For death,
*Collaborators and participating
reinfarction, or cardiac arrest, 2166 (9· 4%) patients allocated metoprolol had at least one such event compared with
hospitals listed at end of
2261 (9· 9%) allocated placebo (odds ratio [OR] 0· 96, 95% CI 0· 90–1· 01; p=0· 1). For death alone, there were 1774
reference 21
• Seguimiento hasta el alta ó el día 28
(7· 7%) deaths in the metoprolol group versus 1797 (7· 8%) in the placebo group (OR 0· 99, 0· 92–1· 05; p=0· 69).
Allocation to metoprolol was associated with five fewer people having reinfarction (464 [2· 0%] metoprolol vs 568
[2· 5%] placebo; OR 0· 82, 0· 72–0· 92; p=0· 001) and five fewer having ventricular fibrillation (581 [2· 5%] vs698 [3· 0%];
OR 0· 83, 0· 75–0· 93; p=0· 001) per 1000 treated. Overall, these reductions were counterbalanced by 11 more per 1000
developing cardiogenic shock (1141 [5· 0%] vs885 [3· 9%]; OR 1· 30, 1· 19–1· 41; p 0· 00001). This excess of cardiogenic
shock was mainly during days 0–1 after admission, whereas the reductions in reinfarction and ventricular fibrillation
Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. the overall effect on death, reinfarction, arrest, or shock was significantly
emerged more gradually. Consequently,
Early intravenous then oral metoprololdays 0–1 and significantly beneficial thereafter. There was substantial net hazard in haemodynamically
adverse during in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
unstable patients, and moderate net benefit in those who were relatively stable (particularly after days 0–1).
Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
53. Metoprolol
Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al.
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
54. Metoprolol
• Mayor riesgo de choque con metoprolol:
– > 70 años
– PAS < 120 mmHg,
– Frecuencia cardiaca > 100 Lpm
– Killip III
• No se recomienda iniciar B-B a pacientes con
riesgo de choque.
Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al.
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.