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SÍNDROME
CORONARIO AGUDO
James Díaz Betancur
Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations
Lancet. Online March 10, 2013
SCA con ST




             SCA sin ST
Presentaciones atípicas
Presentaciones atípicas
Presentaciones atípicas
Presentaciones atípicas
Presentaciones atípicas
Presentaciones atípicas
*ICP = Intervención coronaria
                                                                percutánea


                  SCA con ST


                            • < 12 h
                            • Síntomas persistentes
                            • Choque


SI     ¿Es posible hacer *ICP en < 120 min?          NO




*ICP                                           Fibrinolisis
• Dolor / ansiedad

            • Oxigenación

Qué hacer   • Bioquímica
después?      – Troponina, ó
              – CK – MB

            • Antiagregación

            • Anticoagulación
Los resultados de los estudios patrocinados
por la industria, favorecen a..




                    .. la industria !
Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies
                  Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies, Outcome 1
              Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results
                                            Number of studies with favorable efficacy results.

                 Review: Industry sponsorship and research outcome
              Study or subgroup            Industry            Non-industry                                   Risk Ratio                        Weight                    Risk Ratio
                 Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studiesIV,Fixed,95%CI
                                               n/N                       n/N                                                                                        IV,Fixed,95%CI
                Alasbali 2009               7/29                       2/10                                                                      0.3 %           1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ]
                 Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results
                Bero 2007                       65/94                      48/97                                                                11.5 %           1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ]
                 Study or subgroup             Industry            Non-industry                               Risk Ratio                       Weight                   Risk Ratio
                Booth 2008                    49/120                  50/165                                                                     6.8 %            1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ]
                                                   n/N                     n/N                         IV,Fixed,95%CI                                             IV,Fixed,95%CI
                Bourgeois 2010               222/260                    48/85                                                                   18.1 %            1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ]
                   Alasbali 2009                  7/29                    2/10                                                                  0.3 %          1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ]
                Clifford 2002                   46/66                      21/34                                                                  7.1 %           1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ]
                     Bero 2007                    65/94                     48/97                                                              11.5 %          1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ]
                Etter 2007                      25/49                       9/41                                                                 1.7 %            2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ]
                    Booth 2008                   49/120                    50/165                                                               6.8 %          1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ]
                Kelly 2006                      12/13                        4/8                                                                  1.3 %           1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ]
                    Bourgeois 2010              222/260                     48/85                                                              18.1 %          1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ]
                Momeni 2009
                  Clifford 2002                 20/24
                                                  46/66                    69/85
                                                                            21/34                                                               15.9 %
                                                                                                                                                7.1 %          1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26

                Moncrieff 2003
                  Etter 2007                       2/2
                                                   25/49                     2/7
                                                                             9/41                                                                0.5 %
                                                                                                                                                1.7 %          2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39

                P Kelly 2006
                 erlis 2005b                   93/113
                                                  12/13                    37/49
                                                                              4/8                                                               20.7 %
                                                                                                                                                1.3 %          1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31

                Rasmussen 2009
                   Momeni 2009                 66/109
                                                  20/24                    14/28
                                                                            69/85                                                                 4.2 %
                                                                                                                                               15.9 %          1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  1.21 [ 0.81, 1.81

                Rattinger 2009
                   Moncrieff 2003               26/36
                                                    2/2                    18/25
                                                                              2/7                                                                6.7 %
                                                                                                                                                0.5 %          2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  1.00 [ 0.73, 1.38

                Tulikangas 2006
                    Perlis 2005b                15/15
                                                 93/113                      7/9
                                                                            37/49                                                                 5.0 %
                                                                                                                                               20.7 %          1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                                  1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87

                Vlad 2007
                   Rasmussen 2009                5/11
                                                 66/109                      0/4
                                                                            14/28                                                                0.1 %
                                                                                                                                                4.2 %          1.21 [ [ 0.31, 68.24 ]
                                                                                                                                                                4.58 0.81, 1.81 ]

             TotalRattinger CI)
                   (95% 2009                     941
                                                  26/36                    647
                                                                           18/25                                                             100.0 %
                                                                                                                                                6.7 %      1.24 [ 1.14, 1.38 ] ]
                                                                                                                                                              1.00 [ 0.73, 1.35
             Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry)
                    Tulikangas 2006                 15/15                     7/9                                                               5.0 %          1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87 ]
             Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35%
                    Vlad 2007                        5/11
             Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001)                  0/4                                                               0.1 %         4.58 [ 0.31, 68.24 ]
             TestTotal (95%differences: Not applicable
                  for subgroup CI)            941                           647                                                              100.0 %      1.24 [ 1.14, 1.35 ]
                Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry)
                Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35%                   0.01     0.1       1      10      100

                Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001)                     Industry less favorable        Industry more favorable
Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L.
Industry sponsorship and research outcome.applicable
                 Test for subgroup differences: Not
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: MR000033.
Doble antiagregación:

Una dosis de carga inicial y
Una dosis diaria de mantenimiento
Clopidogrel




            ASA
Prasugrel                 Ticagrelor
Clopidogrel 300 mg




       • 12.562 pacientes con SCA sin ST
       • Clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día
         mantenimiento)
       • Vs. Placebo
       • Seguimiento: 12 meses

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK.
Effects of clopi- dogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment
elevation.
Clopidogrel 300 mg




       Muerte cardiovascular, IM no fatal ó ECV:                                                           Sangrado:
       9.3% vs. 11.4% / RR 0.80; IC 0.72 – 0.90                                              3.7% vs. 2.7% / RR 1.38; IC 1.13 – 1.67


                        21 eventos menos por cada 1000 pacientes tratados.

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK.
Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.
N Engl J Med 2001;345:494 – 502.
Clopidogrel 600 mg




       •     25.086 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST.

       •     Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día
             mantenimiento).

       •     Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento).

       •     Seguimiento: un mes


The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
Clopidogrel 600 mg




The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
Clopidogrel 600 mg




The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP




              •    17.263 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST, LLEVADOS A ICP.

              •    Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día
                   mantenimiento).

              •    Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento).

              •    Seguimiento: 30 días



The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP




The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP




The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP




The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators.
Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary
intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial.
Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
ASA + Clopidogrel:

Administrar una dosis de carga de 600
mg solo cuando se tiene certeza que el
paciente va a ser llevado a ICP temprana
y usar 300 mg en los demás casos.

• El sangrado gastrointestinal es la
  complicación grave más común del uso
  prolongado de antiplaquetarios.

• El omeprazol inhibe la CYP2C19,
  disminuye la actividad del clopidogrel ex
  vivo.

                                   Omeprazol?
Omeprazol




                  • 3873 pacientes antiagregados con ASA + clopidogrel.

                  • Omeprazol 20 mg/día

                  • Vs. no omeprazol

                  • Mediana de seguimiento: 106 días

Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al.
Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al.
Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
ASA + Clopidogrel + Omeprazol:
El estudio fue terminado prematuramente sin completar el
tamaño de muestra calculado y el número de eventos
cardiovasculares fue muy pequeño.

El uso de omeprazol reduce la tasa de sangrado gastrointestinal
en pacientes con doble antiagregación, con un perfil de
seguridad adecuado.




                                                 Omeprazol
Prasugrel

                                                                         v




         • 13.608 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST llevados a ICP.

         • Prasugrel (carga de 60 mg y 10 mg/día mantenimiento)

         • Vs. clopidogrel (carga de 300 mg y 75 mg/día mantenimiento)

         • Mediana de seguimiento: 15 meses

Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
Prasugrel




Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
Prasugrel




Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
Prasugrel



         • El sangrado fue más frecuente en pacientes con:
                – Peso < 60 kilos
                – Edad > 75 años
                – Antecedente de ACV o isquemia cerebral transitoria
                  previa.


         • En el subgrupo de pacientes diabéticos se
           observó una mayor eficacia del pragugrel.



Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
Prasugrel




            • 9.326 pacientes con SCA sin ST y AI, no
              revascularizados.

            • Prasugrel 10 mg/día (5m/día en los >75 años)

            • Vs. Clopidogrel 75mg/día

            • Mediana seguimiento 15 meses
The TRILOGY ACS Investigators.
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization.
N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
Prasugrel




The TRILOGY ACS Investigators.
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization.
N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
ASA + Prasugrel:

Se podría usar en pacientes que no
tengan predictores de sangrado como
historia de ECV ó isquemia cerebral
transitoria, peso <60 kg ni edad >75
años.
Ticagrelor




        • 18.624 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST

        • Ticagrelor (180 mg de carga y 90 mg /12h de mantenimiento)

        • Vs. Clopidogrel (300 a 600 mg de carga y 75 mg/día
          mantenimiento)

        • Mediana de seguimiento: 9 meses
The PLATO Investigators.
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
Ticagrelor




The PLATO Investigators.
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
Ticagrelor




The PLATO Investigators.
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
No                                                   4564 9.0 11.6     0.79 (0.65, 0.95)
                     Female
                     Yes                                            Ticagrelor10.1 11.7 0.86 (0.78, 0.96)
                                                                          5288 11.2 13.2
                                                                         14060
                                                                                            0.83 (0.71, 0.97)
                   Weight Group
                   ACE Inhibitors (Rand.)                                                                         0.27
                     <60 kg                                               1312 13.1 17.3    0.75 (0.60, 0.99) 0.36
                     No kg
                     ³60                                                 17256 9.4 11.2
                                                                          8102 9.5 10.6     0.90 (0.78, 1.03)
                                                                                            0.86 (0.78, 0.94)
                   Hazard Ratios and Rates of Primary End Point10522Predefined Subgroups of0.91) 0.17
                     Yes kg
                     <80                                                   in 11.4 12.8 0.81 (0.72, 1.01) Patients
                                                                          9055 10.1 12.5    0.90 (0.79, Study
                     ³80 kg
                   Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (Rand.)               9513 8.3 10.5     0.79 (0.69, 0.90) 0.37
                     No
                   Medical History of DM                                 16981 9.6 % 11.6
                                                                                   KM at    0.83 (0.76, 0.92) 0.49
                     Yes
                     No                                    Hazard Ratio   Total Month 12
                                                                         13962 11.8 12.8
                                                                          1643 8.4 10.2     0.96 (0.72, 1.28) P value
                                                                                            0.83 (0.74, 0.92)
                   Characteristic
                     Yes
                   Calcium Channel Blockers (Rand.)          (95% CI)    Patients 14.1 16.2
                                                                          4662 Ti. Cl.      0.88 (0.76, 1.03) (Interaction)
                                                                                              HR (95% CI)         0.33
                   Overall Treatment Effect
                   Region
                     No                                                  15888 9.6 11.3     0.86 (0.78, 0.95) 0.05
                     Yes Endpoint
                     Primary
                     Asia/Australia                                        18624
                                                                            1714
                                                                            2736   10.8 11.7
                                                                                    9.8 14.8
                                                                                   11.4 13.8     0.80 (0.61, 0.92)
                                                                                                 0.76 (0.77, 0.95)
                                                                                                 0.84        1.04)
                   New ST elevation/LBBB at rand.
                     Central/South America
                   Proton Pump Inhibitors (Rand.)                           1237   15.2   17.9   0.86 (0.65, 1.13)   0.69
                                                                                                                     0.68
                     No
                     Europe/Middle East/Africa
                     No                                                    11074
                                                                           13859
                                                                           12249   10.1
                                                                                    8.8
                                                                                    9.2   12.3
                                                                                          11.0   0.83 (0.74, 0.93)
                                                                                                 0.80 (0.72, 0.90)
                     Yes
                     Yes America
                     North                                                  7544
                                                                            1814
                                                                            6375    9.4
                                                                                   11.9
                                                                                   11.0   10.8
                                                                                           9.6
                                                                                          12.9   0.87 (0.75, 1.01)
                                                                                                 1.25 (0.93, 1.67)
                                                                                                 0.86 (0.75, 1.00)
                   First Troponin I Prior to Index Event
                   Antiplatelet Therapy                                                                              0.43
                                                                                                                     0.29
                                        0.2         0.5       1.0       2.0
                      Positive ± ASA
                      Clopidogrel                                          15089 15.8 12.3
                                                                            1397 10.3 17.8       0.95 (0.73, 1.24)
                                                                                                 0.85 (0.77, 0.94)
                      Negative
                      ASA                   Ticagrelor better     Clopidogrel better 11.8 14.0
                                                                            5024 7.0 7.0
                                                                            2968                 1.00 (0.71, 0.98)
                                                                                                 0.84 (0.75, 1.32)
                      None
                    Time from Index Event to First IP                      12147    8.2 10.0     0.82 (0.73, 0.93)   0.17
                      <12 hours
                    ASA on Day of Rand.                                     9556    8.2 10.4     0.79 (0.69, 0.90)   0.86
                      ³12
The PLATO Investigators. hours
                      No                                                    8854
                                                                             927   11.6 12.9
                                                                                   11.4 13.8     0.90 (0.79, 1.01)
                                                                                                 0.87 (0.60, 1.27)
                  Figure 2
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
                      Yes
N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
                    Planned Treatment Approach                             17697    9.7 11.6     0.84 (0.77, 0.93)   0.88
Ticagrelor




Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, et al.
Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO)
trial. Circulation. 2011;124:544–54.
ASA + Ticagrelor:

La FDA advierte que se utilicen dosis bajas de ASA
en combinación con ticagrelor.

Las guías norteamericanas no recomiendan el
ticagrelor como la primera elección en los SCA.
Comparación: Infarto de miocardio y
                                      muerte cardiovascular
                                40
Reducción relativa del riesgo




                                35

                                30

                                25       *                     Clopidogrel 600 mg
                                     *                   *     (CURRENT-OASIS)
            (%)




                                20                             Prasugrel (TRITON-
                                              *                TIMI)
                                15
                                                               Ticagrelor (PLATO)
                                10

                                5

                                0
                                         Infarto   Muerte CV
Comparación: ECV y trombosis del stent

                                    60
                                                           *
                                    50
Reducción relativa del riesgo (%)




                                    40
                                                                *
                                    30                                 Clopidogrel 600 mg
                                                                       (CURRENT-OASIS)
                                    20               *                 Prasugrel (TRITON-TIMI)
                                    10
                                                                       Ticagrelor (PLATO)
                                     0

                                    -10     ECV      Trombosis stent

                                    -20

                                    -30
Comparación: Sangrado mayor y
                                                  sangrado fatal
                                    100
                                     50
Reducción relativa del riesgo (%)




                                      0     *    *   *
                                     -50   Sangrado mayor   Sangrado fatal
                                                                             Clopidogrel 600 mg
                                    -100                                     (CURRENT-OASIS)
                                    -150                                     Prasugrel (TRITON-TIMI)
                                    -200
                                    -250                                     Ticagrelor (PLATO)
                                    -300
                                    -350
                                    -400
                                                                 *
                                    -450
acientes con diagnóstico de un Evento Coronario Agudo. Versión preliminar Agosto 2012.

                                                                                                     Guía de Atención Integral Basada en la Evidencia, para la Detección temprana, Atención Integral, Seguimiento y
          Figura 10. Curva de aceptabilidad para la comparación entre ticagrelor y clopidogrelcon diagnóstico de un Evento Coronario Agudo. Versión preliminar Agosto 2012.
                                                                           Rehabilitación de pacientes




  ©Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Colciencias, Universidad de Antioquia.
                                                                                                                           221
                                                                                     Figura 12. Curva de aceptabilidad para la la comparación entre prasugrel y clopidogrel
                                                                                                    Figura 12. Curva de aceptabilidad para comparación entre prasugrel y


 a la comparación entre prasugrel y clopidogrel (Ver Tablas 17 y 18), el costo
nado es de $79.987.695 en el caso base, de manera que no sería una estrategia
 a. Si bien el resultado es sensible al horizonte temporal que el decisor
levante, el costo por AVAC ganado con un horizonte de 20 años supera el
blecido ($59.241.344), de manera que la conclusión no se modificaría. Sin
 costo anual del clopidogrel sí modifica sustancialmente la conclusión, pues
el costo máximo regulado del clopidogrel, el costo por AVAC ganado con
  de $29.487.404, con lo cual el prasugrel podría ser una estrategia costo


               Tabla 19. Prasugrel vs. Clopidogrel: 1 año y 10 años
                                                                                                          1.8.      Discusión
               Costo por               Costo                                           Efectividad                   Razón de C/E
rategia                                                      Efectividad                             Los resultados de los análisis económicos sugieren que el ticagrelor es una estrategia co
                                                                                                         C/E
               paciente             incremental                                       incremental                    incremental
                                                                                                     efectiva en el SGSSS colombiano, conclusión que se mantiene en los distintos escenario
                                                                                                     análisis de sensibilidad. Por su parte, las conclusiones son menos claras en la comparac
Anticoagulación
Vs.



       •     Enoxaparina fue no inferior a HNF en pacientes con SCA con ST 1 y SCA
             sin ST.2

       •     Tendencia a < mortalidad.

       •     Menor incidencia de sangrado mayor.

       •     Se puede usar con cualquier estrategia de reperfusión.


1. Navarese E, De Luca G, Castriota F, Kozinski M, Gurbel P, Gibson C et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins vs. unfractionated heparin in the
   setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Journal of Thrombosis and
   Haemostasis, 9: 1902–1915
Vs.



       • Fondaparinux fue no inferior a enoxaparina en SCA sin ST.1

       • Fondaparinux mejor que HNF en SCA con ST, contra
         enoxaparina no ha sido estudiado en SCA con ST.

       • Tendencia menor incidencia de sangrado.




1. The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin in
   Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1464-76.
Vs.


       • Bivalirudina es un inhibidor directo de la trombina (factor IIa).

       • En SCA sin ST 1 y en SCA con ST 2 fue no inferior a HNF o
         HBPM + inhibidor IIb/IIIa.

       • Menos tasas de sangrado mayor.




1. ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2203–2216

2. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised
   controlled trial. Mehran R et al. Lancet. (2009)
Metoprolol

                                      Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45 852 patients
                                      with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-
                                      controlled trial
                                      COMMIT(ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborativegroup*

                                      Summary
    Lancet 2005; 366: 1622–32         Background Despite previous randomised trials of early -blocker therapy in the emergency treatment of myocardial
       S omment page 1587
        eeC                           infarction (MI), uncertainty has persisted about the value of adding it to current standard interventions (eg, aspirin
                                      and fibrinolytic therapy), and the balance of potential benefits and hazards is still unclear in high-risk patients.
Dr Zhengming C
              Correspondence to:
                hen, Clinical Trial      • 45.852 pacientes con SCA (la mayoría con ST).
Service Unit and Epidemiological
                                      Methods 45 852 patients admitted to 1250 hospitals within 24 h of suspected acute MI onset were randomly allocated
Studies Unit (C U), R
               TS     ichard Doll
     Building, Old R C
                    oad ampus,        metoprolol (up to 15 mg intravenous then 200 mg oral daily; n=22 929) or matching placebo (n=22 923). 93% had
                                      ST-segment elevation or bundle branch block, and 7% had ST-segment depression. Treatment was to continue until
                                         • Metoprolol (hasta 15 mg IV y luego 200 mg/día)
              Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
  zhengming.chen@ctsu.ox.ac.          discharge or up to 4 weeks in hospital (mean 15 days in survivors) and 89% completed it. The two prespecified co-
                                 uk
                                      primary outcomes were: (1) composite of death, reinfarction, or cardiac arrest; and (2) death from any cause during
                                or    the scheduled treatment period. Comparisons were by intention to treat, and used the log-rank method. This study is
  Dr J
     inxiang Xie, Fuwai hospital,     registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 00222573.
       Beijing 100037, PRC
   ccstwo@public3.bta.net.cn
                            hina
                                         • Vs. Placebo
                          Findings Neither of the co-primary outcomes was significantly reduced by allocation to metoprolol. For death,
 *Collaborators and participating
                          reinfarction, or cardiac arrest, 2166 (9· 4%) patients allocated metoprolol had at least one such event compared with
        hospitals listed at end of
                          2261 (9· 9%) allocated placebo (odds ratio [OR] 0· 96, 95% CI 0· 90–1· 01; p=0· 1). For death alone, there were 1774
                      reference 21
                                         • Seguimiento hasta el alta ó el día 28
                          (7· 7%) deaths in the metoprolol group versus 1797 (7· 8%) in the placebo group (OR 0· 99, 0· 92–1· 05; p=0· 69).
                          Allocation to metoprolol was associated with five fewer people having reinfarction (464 [2· 0%] metoprolol vs 568
                          [2· 5%] placebo; OR 0· 82, 0· 72–0· 92; p=0· 001) and five fewer having ventricular fibrillation (581 [2· 5%] vs698 [3· 0%];
                          OR 0· 83, 0· 75–0· 93; p=0· 001) per 1000 treated. Overall, these reductions were counterbalanced by 11 more per 1000
                          developing cardiogenic shock (1141 [5· 0%] vs885 [3· 9%]; OR 1· 30, 1· 19–1· 41; p 0· 00001). This excess of cardiogenic
                          shock was mainly during days 0–1 after admission, whereas the reductions in reinfarction and ventricular fibrillation
     Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. the overall effect on death, reinfarction, arrest, or shock was significantly
                          emerged more gradually. Consequently,
     Early intravenous then oral metoprololdays 0–1 and significantly beneficial thereafter. There was substantial net hazard in haemodynamically
                          adverse during in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
                          unstable patients, and moderate net benefit in those who were relatively stable (particularly after days 0–1).
     Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
Metoprolol




Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al.
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
Metoprolol



       • Mayor riesgo de choque con metoprolol:

                –    > 70 años
                –    PAS < 120 mmHg,
                –    Frecuencia cardiaca > 100 Lpm
                –    Killip III

       • No se recomienda iniciar B-B a pacientes con
         riesgo de choque.


Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al.
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
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Sindrome coronario agudo

  • 2. Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations Lancet. Online March 10, 2013
  • 3.
  • 4. SCA con ST SCA sin ST
  • 11. *ICP = Intervención coronaria percutánea SCA con ST • < 12 h • Síntomas persistentes • Choque SI ¿Es posible hacer *ICP en < 120 min? NO *ICP Fibrinolisis
  • 12. • Dolor / ansiedad • Oxigenación Qué hacer • Bioquímica después? – Troponina, ó – CK – MB • Antiagregación • Anticoagulación
  • 13. Los resultados de los estudios patrocinados por la industria, favorecen a.. .. la industria !
  • 14. Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studies, Outcome 1 Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results Number of studies with favorable efficacy results. Review: Industry sponsorship and research outcome Study or subgroup Industry Non-industry Risk Ratio Weight Risk Ratio Comparison: 1 Results: Industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored studiesIV,Fixed,95%CI n/N n/N IV,Fixed,95%CI Alasbali 2009 7/29 2/10 0.3 % 1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ] Outcome: 1 Number of studies with favorable efficacy results Bero 2007 65/94 48/97 11.5 % 1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ] Study or subgroup Industry Non-industry Risk Ratio Weight Risk Ratio Booth 2008 49/120 50/165 6.8 % 1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ] n/N n/N IV,Fixed,95%CI IV,Fixed,95%CI Bourgeois 2010 222/260 48/85 18.1 % 1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ] Alasbali 2009 7/29 2/10 0.3 % 1.21 [ 0.30, 4.88 ] Clifford 2002 46/66 21/34 7.1 % 1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ] Bero 2007 65/94 48/97 11.5 % 1.40 [ 1.10, 1.78 ] Etter 2007 25/49 9/41 1.7 % 2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ] Booth 2008 49/120 50/165 6.8 % 1.35 [ 0.98, 1.85 ] Kelly 2006 12/13 4/8 1.3 % 1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ] Bourgeois 2010 222/260 48/85 18.1 % 1.51 [ 1.25, 1.83 ] Momeni 2009 Clifford 2002 20/24 46/66 69/85 21/34 15.9 % 7.1 % 1.13 [ 0.83, 1.54 ] ] 1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26 Moncrieff 2003 Etter 2007 2/2 25/49 2/7 9/41 0.5 % 1.7 % 2.32 [ 1.23, 4.40 ] ] 2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39 P Kelly 2006 erlis 2005b 93/113 12/13 37/49 4/8 20.7 % 1.3 % 1.85 [ 0.91, 3.76 ] ] 1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31 Rasmussen 2009 Momeni 2009 66/109 20/24 14/28 69/85 4.2 % 15.9 % 1.03 [ 0.84, 1.26 ] ] 1.21 [ 0.81, 1.81 Rattinger 2009 Moncrieff 2003 26/36 2/2 18/25 2/7 6.7 % 0.5 % 2.67 [ 0.85, 8.39 ] ] 1.00 [ 0.73, 1.38 Tulikangas 2006 Perlis 2005b 15/15 93/113 7/9 37/49 5.0 % 20.7 % 1.09 [ 0.91, 1.31 ] ] 1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87 Vlad 2007 Rasmussen 2009 5/11 66/109 0/4 14/28 0.1 % 4.2 % 1.21 [ [ 0.31, 68.24 ] 4.58 0.81, 1.81 ] TotalRattinger CI) (95% 2009 941 26/36 647 18/25 100.0 % 6.7 % 1.24 [ 1.14, 1.38 ] ] 1.00 [ 0.73, 1.35 Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry) Tulikangas 2006 15/15 7/9 5.0 % 1.29 [ 0.89, 1.87 ] Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35% Vlad 2007 5/11 Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001) 0/4 0.1 % 4.58 [ 0.31, 68.24 ] TestTotal (95%differences: Not applicable for subgroup CI) 941 647 100.0 % 1.24 [ 1.14, 1.35 ] Total events: 653 (Industry), 329 (Non-industry) Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 20.09, df = 13 (P = 0.09); I2 =35% 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Test for overall effect: Z = 5.11 (P < 0.00001) Industry less favorable Industry more favorable Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome.applicable Test for subgroup differences: Not Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: MR000033.
  • 15. Doble antiagregación: Una dosis de carga inicial y Una dosis diaria de mantenimiento
  • 16. Clopidogrel ASA Prasugrel Ticagrelor
  • 17. Clopidogrel 300 mg • 12.562 pacientes con SCA sin ST • Clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento) • Vs. Placebo • Seguimiento: 12 meses Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopi- dogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.
  • 18. Clopidogrel 300 mg Muerte cardiovascular, IM no fatal ó ECV: Sangrado: 9.3% vs. 11.4% / RR 0.80; IC 0.72 – 0.90 3.7% vs. 2.7% / RR 1.38; IC 1.13 – 1.67 21 eventos menos por cada 1000 pacientes tratados. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494 – 502.
  • 19. Clopidogrel 600 mg • 25.086 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST. • Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día mantenimiento). • Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento). • Seguimiento: un mes The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
  • 20. Clopidogrel 600 mg The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
  • 21. Clopidogrel 600 mg The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:930 – 942
  • 22. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP • 17.263 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST, LLEVADOS A ICP. • Clopidogrel (600 mg de carga y 150 mg/día una semana y luego 75 mg/día mantenimiento). • Vs. clopidogrel (300 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento). • Seguimiento: 30 días The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
  • 23. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
  • 24. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
  • 25. Clopidogrel 600 mg - ICP The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1233–43
  • 26. ASA + Clopidogrel: Administrar una dosis de carga de 600 mg solo cuando se tiene certeza que el paciente va a ser llevado a ICP temprana y usar 300 mg en los demás casos.

  • 27. • El sangrado gastrointestinal es la complicación grave más común del uso prolongado de antiplaquetarios. • El omeprazol inhibe la CYP2C19, disminuye la actividad del clopidogrel ex vivo. Omeprazol?
  • 28. Omeprazol • 3873 pacientes antiagregados con ASA + clopidogrel. • Omeprazol 20 mg/día • Vs. no omeprazol • Mediana de seguimiento: 106 días Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
  • 29. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Clopidogrel with or witout omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1909-17
  • 30. ASA + Clopidogrel + Omeprazol: El estudio fue terminado prematuramente sin completar el tamaño de muestra calculado y el número de eventos cardiovasculares fue muy pequeño. El uso de omeprazol reduce la tasa de sangrado gastrointestinal en pacientes con doble antiagregación, con un perfil de seguridad adecuado. Omeprazol
  • 31. Prasugrel v • 13.608 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST llevados a ICP. • Prasugrel (carga de 60 mg y 10 mg/día mantenimiento) • Vs. clopidogrel (carga de 300 mg y 75 mg/día mantenimiento) • Mediana de seguimiento: 15 meses Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
  • 32. Prasugrel Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
  • 33. Prasugrel Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
  • 34. Prasugrel • El sangrado fue más frecuente en pacientes con: – Peso < 60 kilos – Edad > 75 años – Antecedente de ACV o isquemia cerebral transitoria previa. • En el subgrupo de pacientes diabéticos se observó una mayor eficacia del pragugrel. Wiviott S, Braunwald E, McCabe C, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy S,. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001 – 2015.
  • 35. Prasugrel • 9.326 pacientes con SCA sin ST y AI, no revascularizados. • Prasugrel 10 mg/día (5m/día en los >75 años) • Vs. Clopidogrel 75mg/día • Mediana seguimiento 15 meses The TRILOGY ACS Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
  • 36. Prasugrel The TRILOGY ACS Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
  • 37. ASA + Prasugrel: Se podría usar en pacientes que no tengan predictores de sangrado como historia de ECV ó isquemia cerebral transitoria, peso <60 kg ni edad >75 años.
  • 38. Ticagrelor • 18.624 pacientes con SCA con ST y SCA sin ST • Ticagrelor (180 mg de carga y 90 mg /12h de mantenimiento) • Vs. Clopidogrel (300 a 600 mg de carga y 75 mg/día mantenimiento) • Mediana de seguimiento: 9 meses The PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
  • 39. Ticagrelor The PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
  • 40. Ticagrelor The PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57
  • 41. No 4564 9.0 11.6 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) Female Yes Ticagrelor10.1 11.7 0.86 (0.78, 0.96) 5288 11.2 13.2 14060 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) Weight Group ACE Inhibitors (Rand.) 0.27 <60 kg 1312 13.1 17.3 0.75 (0.60, 0.99) 0.36 No kg ³60 17256 9.4 11.2 8102 9.5 10.6 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) Hazard Ratios and Rates of Primary End Point10522Predefined Subgroups of0.91) 0.17 Yes kg <80 in 11.4 12.8 0.81 (0.72, 1.01) Patients 9055 10.1 12.5 0.90 (0.79, Study ³80 kg Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (Rand.) 9513 8.3 10.5 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) 0.37 No Medical History of DM 16981 9.6 % 11.6 KM at 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) 0.49 Yes No Hazard Ratio Total Month 12 13962 11.8 12.8 1643 8.4 10.2 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) P value 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) Characteristic Yes Calcium Channel Blockers (Rand.) (95% CI) Patients 14.1 16.2 4662 Ti. Cl. 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) (Interaction) HR (95% CI) 0.33 Overall Treatment Effect Region No 15888 9.6 11.3 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) 0.05 Yes Endpoint Primary Asia/Australia 18624 1714 2736 10.8 11.7 9.8 14.8 11.4 13.8 0.80 (0.61, 0.92) 0.76 (0.77, 0.95) 0.84 1.04) New ST elevation/LBBB at rand. Central/South America Proton Pump Inhibitors (Rand.) 1237 15.2 17.9 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) 0.69 0.68 No Europe/Middle East/Africa No 11074 13859 12249 10.1 8.8 9.2 12.3 11.0 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) 0.80 (0.72, 0.90) Yes Yes America North 7544 1814 6375 9.4 11.9 11.0 10.8 9.6 12.9 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) 1.25 (0.93, 1.67) 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) First Troponin I Prior to Index Event Antiplatelet Therapy 0.43 0.29 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 Positive ± ASA Clopidogrel 15089 15.8 12.3 1397 10.3 17.8 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) Negative ASA Ticagrelor better Clopidogrel better 11.8 14.0 5024 7.0 7.0 2968 1.00 (0.71, 0.98) 0.84 (0.75, 1.32) None Time from Index Event to First IP 12147 8.2 10.0 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) 0.17 <12 hours ASA on Day of Rand. 9556 8.2 10.4 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) 0.86 ³12 The PLATO Investigators. hours No 8854 927 11.6 12.9 11.4 13.8 0.90 (0.79, 1.01) 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) Figure 2 Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Yes N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57 Planned Treatment Approach 17697 9.7 11.6 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) 0.88
  • 42. Ticagrelor Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, et al. Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation. 2011;124:544–54.
  • 43. ASA + Ticagrelor: La FDA advierte que se utilicen dosis bajas de ASA en combinación con ticagrelor. Las guías norteamericanas no recomiendan el ticagrelor como la primera elección en los SCA.
  • 44. Comparación: Infarto de miocardio y muerte cardiovascular 40 Reducción relativa del riesgo 35 30 25 * Clopidogrel 600 mg * * (CURRENT-OASIS) (%) 20 Prasugrel (TRITON- * TIMI) 15 Ticagrelor (PLATO) 10 5 0 Infarto Muerte CV
  • 45. Comparación: ECV y trombosis del stent 60 * 50 Reducción relativa del riesgo (%) 40 * 30 Clopidogrel 600 mg (CURRENT-OASIS) 20 * Prasugrel (TRITON-TIMI) 10 Ticagrelor (PLATO) 0 -10 ECV Trombosis stent -20 -30
  • 46. Comparación: Sangrado mayor y sangrado fatal 100 50 Reducción relativa del riesgo (%) 0 * * * -50 Sangrado mayor Sangrado fatal Clopidogrel 600 mg -100 (CURRENT-OASIS) -150 Prasugrel (TRITON-TIMI) -200 -250 Ticagrelor (PLATO) -300 -350 -400 * -450
  • 47. acientes con diagnóstico de un Evento Coronario Agudo. Versión preliminar Agosto 2012. Guía de Atención Integral Basada en la Evidencia, para la Detección temprana, Atención Integral, Seguimiento y Figura 10. Curva de aceptabilidad para la comparación entre ticagrelor y clopidogrelcon diagnóstico de un Evento Coronario Agudo. Versión preliminar Agosto 2012. Rehabilitación de pacientes ©Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Colciencias, Universidad de Antioquia. 221 Figura 12. Curva de aceptabilidad para la la comparación entre prasugrel y clopidogrel Figura 12. Curva de aceptabilidad para comparación entre prasugrel y a la comparación entre prasugrel y clopidogrel (Ver Tablas 17 y 18), el costo nado es de $79.987.695 en el caso base, de manera que no sería una estrategia a. Si bien el resultado es sensible al horizonte temporal que el decisor levante, el costo por AVAC ganado con un horizonte de 20 años supera el blecido ($59.241.344), de manera que la conclusión no se modificaría. Sin costo anual del clopidogrel sí modifica sustancialmente la conclusión, pues el costo máximo regulado del clopidogrel, el costo por AVAC ganado con de $29.487.404, con lo cual el prasugrel podría ser una estrategia costo Tabla 19. Prasugrel vs. Clopidogrel: 1 año y 10 años 1.8. Discusión Costo por Costo Efectividad Razón de C/E rategia Efectividad Los resultados de los análisis económicos sugieren que el ticagrelor es una estrategia co C/E paciente incremental incremental incremental efectiva en el SGSSS colombiano, conclusión que se mantiene en los distintos escenario análisis de sensibilidad. Por su parte, las conclusiones son menos claras en la comparac
  • 49. Vs. • Enoxaparina fue no inferior a HNF en pacientes con SCA con ST 1 y SCA sin ST.2 • Tendencia a < mortalidad. • Menor incidencia de sangrado mayor. • Se puede usar con cualquier estrategia de reperfusión. 1. Navarese E, De Luca G, Castriota F, Kozinski M, Gurbel P, Gibson C et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins vs. unfractionated heparin in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 9: 1902–1915
  • 50. Vs. • Fondaparinux fue no inferior a enoxaparina en SCA sin ST.1 • Fondaparinux mejor que HNF en SCA con ST, contra enoxaparina no ha sido estudiado en SCA con ST. • Tendencia menor incidencia de sangrado. 1. The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1464-76.
  • 51. Vs. • Bivalirudina es un inhibidor directo de la trombina (factor IIa). • En SCA sin ST 1 y en SCA con ST 2 fue no inferior a HNF o HBPM + inhibidor IIb/IIIa. • Menos tasas de sangrado mayor. 1. ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2203–2216 2. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Mehran R et al. Lancet. (2009)
  • 52. Metoprolol Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45 852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo- controlled trial COMMIT(ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborativegroup* Summary Lancet 2005; 366: 1622–32 Background Despite previous randomised trials of early -blocker therapy in the emergency treatment of myocardial S omment page 1587 eeC infarction (MI), uncertainty has persisted about the value of adding it to current standard interventions (eg, aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy), and the balance of potential benefits and hazards is still unclear in high-risk patients. Dr Zhengming C Correspondence to: hen, Clinical Trial • 45.852 pacientes con SCA (la mayoría con ST). Service Unit and Epidemiological Methods 45 852 patients admitted to 1250 hospitals within 24 h of suspected acute MI onset were randomly allocated Studies Unit (C U), R TS ichard Doll Building, Old R C oad ampus, metoprolol (up to 15 mg intravenous then 200 mg oral daily; n=22 929) or matching placebo (n=22 923). 93% had ST-segment elevation or bundle branch block, and 7% had ST-segment depression. Treatment was to continue until • Metoprolol (hasta 15 mg IV y luego 200 mg/día) Oxford OX3 7LF, UK zhengming.chen@ctsu.ox.ac. discharge or up to 4 weeks in hospital (mean 15 days in survivors) and 89% completed it. The two prespecified co- uk primary outcomes were: (1) composite of death, reinfarction, or cardiac arrest; and (2) death from any cause during or the scheduled treatment period. Comparisons were by intention to treat, and used the log-rank method. This study is Dr J inxiang Xie, Fuwai hospital, registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 00222573. Beijing 100037, PRC ccstwo@public3.bta.net.cn hina • Vs. Placebo Findings Neither of the co-primary outcomes was significantly reduced by allocation to metoprolol. For death, *Collaborators and participating reinfarction, or cardiac arrest, 2166 (9· 4%) patients allocated metoprolol had at least one such event compared with hospitals listed at end of 2261 (9· 9%) allocated placebo (odds ratio [OR] 0· 96, 95% CI 0· 90–1· 01; p=0· 1). For death alone, there were 1774 reference 21 • Seguimiento hasta el alta ó el día 28 (7· 7%) deaths in the metoprolol group versus 1797 (7· 8%) in the placebo group (OR 0· 99, 0· 92–1· 05; p=0· 69). Allocation to metoprolol was associated with five fewer people having reinfarction (464 [2· 0%] metoprolol vs 568 [2· 5%] placebo; OR 0· 82, 0· 72–0· 92; p=0· 001) and five fewer having ventricular fibrillation (581 [2· 5%] vs698 [3· 0%]; OR 0· 83, 0· 75–0· 93; p=0· 001) per 1000 treated. Overall, these reductions were counterbalanced by 11 more per 1000 developing cardiogenic shock (1141 [5· 0%] vs885 [3· 9%]; OR 1· 30, 1· 19–1· 41; p 0· 00001). This excess of cardiogenic shock was mainly during days 0–1 after admission, whereas the reductions in reinfarction and ventricular fibrillation Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. the overall effect on death, reinfarction, arrest, or shock was significantly emerged more gradually. Consequently, Early intravenous then oral metoprololdays 0–1 and significantly beneficial thereafter. There was substantial net hazard in haemodynamically adverse during in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. unstable patients, and moderate net benefit in those who were relatively stable (particularly after days 0–1). Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
  • 53. Metoprolol Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.
  • 54. Metoprolol • Mayor riesgo de choque con metoprolol: – > 70 años – PAS < 120 mmHg, – Frecuencia cardiaca > 100 Lpm – Killip III • No se recomienda iniciar B-B a pacientes con riesgo de choque. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1622- 32.