1. 
WELCOME

2. PUNCTUATION
ANEESHIA.P
KTCT College Of Teacher Education

3.  Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and
stress in sentences.
 We can use punctuation marks to structure and
organize your writing.
 The most common of these are the period or full
stop, the comma, the exclamation mark, the
question mark, the colon and semi colon, the
quote, the apostrophe, the hyphen and dash,
and parentheses and brackets.
 Capital letters are also used to help us organize
meaning and to structure the sense of our
writing.

4. The ‘Period’,
‘Full stop’ or
‘Point’

5.  The period or full stop is probably the
simplest of the punctuation marks to
use.
 We can use it like a knife to cut the
sentences to the required length.
a) To mark the end of a sentence which
is not a question or an exclamation.
Example: Rome is the capital of Italy.
b) To indicate an abbreviation. Example:
I will be in between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m.

6. c) Often you see a sentence concluding
with three dots. This indicates that only
part of the sentence or text has been
quoted or that it is being left up to the
reader to complete the rest of the
sentence. Example: The Lord’s prayer
begins, ‘ our Father which are in
Heaven…’
d) Full stop after a single word. Example:
“Goodbye.”
“Hello.”

7. THE COMMA
 The comma represents a very short pause
between parts of a sentence.
 A. Using the comma to separate phrases,
words, or clauses in lists.
 1. a series of phrases
 On my birthday I went to the cinema, ate
dinner in a restaurant, and went dancing.

8.  2.a series of nouns.
 The meal consisted of soup, fish, chicken,
dessert, and coffee.
 3. a series of adjectives
 She was young, beautiful, kind, and
intelligent.
 4.a series of verbs
 Tony ran towards me, fell, yelled, and fainted.

9.  B. Using the comma to enclose comments.
The comma is placed on either side of the
insertion. Example: China, one of the most
powerful nations on Earth, has a huge
population.
 C. Use the comma in ‘tag questions’.
 She lives in Paris, doesn’t she?
 We haven’t met, have we?

10. THE QUESTION MARK
 Use the question mark:
 1. At the end of all direct questions
 What is your name?
 Do you speak Italian?
 2. Do not use question mark for reported
questions
 He asked me what my name was.
 She asked if I was Spanish.

11. THE EXCLAMATION MARK
 The exclamation mark is used to express
exasperation, astonishment or surprise or to
emphasize a comment or short, sharp phrase.
 Examples:
 Help! Help!
 That’s unbelievable!
 What a lovely day!

12. b)To form the possessive
Case
 Example: Joseph’s parents.
 Keats’s poetry.

13. APOSTROPHE
 The apostrophe is used:
a) To indicate that some letter, or
letters, have been omitted from a
word, or combination of words.
Example:
 Don’t (do not)
 e’ en (even)
 it’s (it is)

14. QUOTATION MARKS
 Inverted commas, single or double,
are used to mark the beginning and
end of quotations.
 Example:
 He said, “ I am very hungry.”
 Keats’s line, “A thing of beauty is a
joy for ever”, is very famous.

15. THE SEMICOLON
 The semicolon represents a
longer pause than is y a comma.
It is chiefly used to separate the
constituent parts of a Compound
sentence. Example: To ignore our
fellowmen is inhuman; to hate
them is diabolical; to love them is
divine.

16. THE COLON
 The colon expands on the
sentence that precedes it.
Example:
 There are many reasons for poor
written communication: lack of
planning, poor grammar, misuse
of punctuation marks and
insufficient vocabulary.

17. HYPHENS AND DASHES
 A hyphen joins two or more
words together( e .g. x-ray,
door- to – door) while a dash
separates words into
parenthetical statements (e.
g. She was trapped – no
escape was possible).

18. THE BRACKETS
 Brackets are used for inserting a
parenthetical sentence in the
middle of another sentence.
 Example:
 Hitler killed (such was his
diabolical ruthlessness) more
than five million innocent Jews.

19. CAPITAL LETTERS
 Using Capital Letters:
1. At the start of a sentence.
 Bali is an Indonesian Island.
2. With proper nouns ( particular persons, places
and things)
 Her name is Mary.
 She lives in Spain.

20.  3. With adjective that come from
proper nouns.
 They live in Georgian house.
 He loved Japanese films.
 4. For the first and all of the main
words in titles.
 The Great Gatsby
 The Heart of Darkness

21.  5. For the pronoun “I”
 In the future I hope that I will
be able to visit Turkey.