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a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. (b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion. Solution (a) With vacancy diffusion, atomic motion is from one lattice site to an adjacent vacancy. Self-diffusion and the diffusion of substitutional impurities proceed via this mechanism. On the other hand, atomic motion is from interstitial site to adjacent interstitial site for the interstitial diffusion mechanism. (b) Interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion because: (1) interstitial atoms, being smaller, are more mobile; and (2) the probability of an empty adjacent interstitial site is greater than for a vacancy adjacent to a host (or substitutional impurity) atom. .

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Develop a research paper providing an overview of what construction design communications are, which project team members (disciplines) use them, and how they are used (what information they provide). Discuss the key aspects of design and the design process (phases) as a whole. Compare and contrast the different types of drawings and discuss their importance to an effective and efficient construction process. Support the paper with research from the online course material, text, and outside sources if necessary. Solution Effectiveness of team communication for the design of buildings is becoming increasingly important due to the growing technical and organizational complexity of construction projects. The development and use of information communication technologies (ICTs) has been seen as one way of improving the performance of design and construction teams . ICTs have also become synonymous with the better integration of project participants (e.g. Warning and Wainwright, 2000) and also a means of improving collaborative working .

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Determined the common stock for Bertinelli Corp. based on the following information: cash = $260,000; patents and copyrights = $620,000; accounts payable = $440,000; accounts receivable = $179,000; tangible net fixed assets = $4,300,000; inventory = $205,000; notes payable = $170,000; accumulated retained earnings = $1,245,000; long-term debt = $1,730,000. Solution The balance sheet is constructed as follows: For the balance sheet, the total assets = total liabilties + Equity We will know that the total assets is 5,564,000. Now, we can take the liabilties + equuity as 5,564,000 and find out what the common equity is as shown in the balance sheet Hence we can say common stock is $1,979,000 .

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Determine which major balance sheet information requires supplemental disclosure. Illustrate your points with examples Solution Balance Sheet, also referred to as the statement of financial position: 1.Reports assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific date. 2.Provides information about resources, obligations to creditors, and equity in net resources. 3.Helps in predicting amounts, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows. Both IFRS and GAAP require disclosures about (1) accounting policies followed, (2) judgments that management has made in the process of applying the entity .

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Determine whether the bond between each of the following pairs of atoms is purely covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. 1. O and O 2. Li and O 3. C and N 4. N and S Solution Pure covalent bond- when both the participating atoms are having same electronegativity value (i.e- for homonuclear molecules) Exp - O and O polar covalent bond- both particiapting atoms share equal number of electrons to form coavalent bond, however, the shared electron pair remains more towards the more electronegative atoms. Exp- C and N (electronegativity of N is more than C, the share electron pair remains towards the nitrogen. carbon bears partial positive charge and nitrogen bears partial negative charge) N and S (electronegativity of N is more than S, the share electron pair remains towards the nitrogen. sulfur bears partial positive charge and nitrogen bears partial negative charge) Ionic bond - one atom is highly electronegative and the other atom is highly electropositive EXp- Li and O .

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Determine the polymer structure whether (Linear, Branched, Cross-linked or Network) for: #1 - PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) #2 - HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) #3 â€“ PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) #4 â€“ LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) #5 â€“ PP (Polypropylene) #6 â€“ PS (Polystyrene) #7 - acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate, bioplastic) Solution 1. PET- Polyethylene terephthalate is linear polymer and which is produced from the co-polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. 2. HDPE. High density polythylene is linaear polymer. and very strong. 3. PVC poly vinyl chloride - It is a linear polymer and can be formed by the addition polymerization by the monomer of vinyl chloride. 4.LDPE It is known as low density polyethylene and it is a highly branched polymer. 5. PP (polypropylene) is a linear polymer and can be formed by additional polymerization. 6.PS (polystyrene) is a linear polymer and having monomer of styrene . 7. Acrylic polymer is crosslinked polymer 8. Nylon - linear polymer 9. Bio plastic - network polymer .

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Design a special tree data structure such that the branching factor of the root is 3 and the branching factor of its children is two. After that the branching factor of a node is 2 if the node is child of a node with branching factor of 3 and its branching factor is 3 if it is the child of a node with branching factor of 2 in C++. Solution As an ADT, the abstract tree type T with values of some type E is defined, using the abstract forest type F (list of trees), by the functions: value: T E children: T F nil: () F node: E Ã— F T with the axioms: value(node( e , f )) = e children(node( e , f )) = f In terms of type theory, a tree is an inductive type defined by the constructors nil (empty forest) and node (tree with root node with given value and children). Mathematical[edit] Viewed as a whole, a tree data structure is an ordered tree, generally with values attached to each node. Concretely, it is (if required to be non-empty): .

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Describe, in detail, what would happen if you fell into a black hole, from both your perspective, and the perspective of someone who is watching you fall in. You should include specific effects, including effects on space, time, and what you would see. Solution It\'s safe to say you wouldn\'t survive the trip, so stay on this side of the Event Horizon if you ever want to be seen again. Black Holes are massive objects occupying a tiny volume in space. When a super-massive star (many times larger than the Sun) stops sustaining enough nuclear fusion at its core to support its size, its mass may collapse into itself and form a Black Hole, sucking in everything around it. Our Milky Way galaxy spirals around a super-massive Black Hole at its center. Since nothing can escape from the incredible gravitational pull of a Black Hole (even light itself), scientists can only speculate on what would happen to a person falling into a Black Hole. However, it does seem evident that the crushing gravity would not be kind to your body. Soon after passing the Event Horizon, the point of no return, your body\'s atomic structure would be ripped apart. The parts of your body closer to the singularity experience a stronger gravitational pull than the parts of your body further away from the singularity. This \"tidal gravity\" creates a differential gravitational pull on your body that literally stretches you out as you fall in. Alas, the rack of space-time is unforgiving to even the most pliant mind, and ultimately it\'s impossible to keep yourself together. .

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Describe what is meant by the dipole nature of a water molecule. How is this related to adsorbed water? Why does the presence of water in soil typically have a much greater effect on clays than in granular soils (i.e. sand)? Solution Water consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The two hydrogen atoms are not symmetrically arranged around the oxygen atoms which leads to diploe nature of water. Dipole water can be electrically attracted towards the surface of the clay particles. there are 3 mechanism by which water is attracted to surface of clay particles resulting in adsorbed water. 1) Attraction between negatively charged faces of clay particles and positive end of dipoles. 2) Attraction between cations in double layer and negatively charged ends of dipoles. 3) sharing of hydrogen atoms in water molecule by hydrogen bonding between oxygen atoms in clay particles and oxygen atoms in water molecule. Since the water adsorbs on surface of clay particles, it affects various properties of clay like plasticity. The mechanisms by which water is attracted to clay particles does not takes place in granular soil. Hence water has greater effect in clayey soils than granular soils. .

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Describe what RFID is as well as Identify at least two examples of the use of RFID tags in process or inventory management, in retail or health care environments. In addition, describe security implications, such as security RFID may have on society. Solution What RFID It is used to capture the information stored in the object in the case of using radio waves. It can be called as Radio Frequency Identification. In this Concept what the device we are using it contains a chip, it have the unique Identification number and sends to another device to access this radio waves to be Remote way of access. Two examples Using in the case of find the item level in inventory tracking In the Case of IT Asset Tracking in Organizations. Security Implications Attack of the attackers to access the using number of queries or systems are there in the organization using traffic analysis concept Accessing physical the tags of RFID. .

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Describe the insert problem caused by a denormalized design. Solution Denormalized plans are created by erroneously consolidating numerous elements into a solitary table. Denormalized plans, by differentiation, do contain copy information. Copy information is the undesirable result of the denormalized desings. Copy information welcomed information trustworthiness mistakes. It can likewise keep records from being embedded under certain conditions. On the off chance that denormalized outlines are made by consolidating two or more tables together into a solitary table, the subsequent copy information makes embed, upgrade, and erase issues. The supplement issue is brought about in light of the fact that all the records must have an essential key set before it can be spared and put away. A new member cannot be created unless they have already made a visit, otherwise there would be no primary key value. This field may not be left blank. Denormalization is the procedure of endeavoring to upgrade the execution of a database by including repetitive information or by gathering information. At times, denormalization conceals the inefficiencies natural in social database programming starting 2008. A social standardized database forces an overwhelming access load over physical stockpiling of information regardless of the fact that it is all around tuned for elite. A denormalized information model is not the same as an information model that has not been standardized, and denormalization ought to just happen after an acceptable level of standardization has occurred and that any required imperatives and/or rules have been made to manage the intrinsic peculiarities in the outline. For instance, every one of the relations are in third typical structure and any relations with join and multi-esteemed conditions are taken care of suitably. Some issues to raise: .

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Describe the administrative management practices of separation of duties, job rotation, and mandatory vacations and their role within operations security. Describe the differences between the following sanitization methods of media control: clearing, purging, zeroization, and degaussing. What is data remanence? Describe the different methods of RAID. What is RAIT? Define the different types of trusted recovery. What is meant by the term â€œfail secureâ€? Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security domain: man-in-the-middle, mail bombing, war-dialing, ping-of-death, teardrop, and slamming-and-cramming Solution Data remanence is the residual representation of digital data that remains even after attempts have been made to remove or erase the data. This residue may result from data being left intact by a nominal file deletion operation, by reformatting of storage media that does not remove data previously written to the media, or through physical properties of the storage media that allow previously written data to be recovered. Data remanence may make inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information possible should the storage media be released into an uncontrolled environment ( e.g. , thrown in the trash, or lost). Various techniques have been developed to counter data remanence. These techniques are classified as clearing, purging/sanitizing or destruction. Specific methods includeoverwriting, degaussing, encryption, and media destruction. Effective application of countermeasures can be complicated by several factors, including media that are inaccessible, media that cannot effectively be erased, advanced storage systems that maintain histories of data throughout the data\'s life cycle, and persistence of data in memory that is typically considered volatile. Several standards exist for the secure removal of data and the elimination of data remanence. .

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Describe the purposes of audit documentation and explain why each purpose is important. Solution Audit Documentation is the written record of the facts on which Audit Reports are based. All the reasons which were responsible for the Auditor to reach on conclusion are contained in Audit Documentation. It contains every information related to Audit like the procedure adopted, planning and purpose of audit, findings of audit. This documentation serves a number of purpose like: 1. It provides a basis for any subsequent Auditor who is new with the company to do his Audit on the basis of details given in Audit Documentation. 2. It provides the reasons for various type of conculsions derived by Audit Team and what are the reasons for that conclusion. 3. It also acts as an evidence of the fact that all the requirements of the Accounting Standards and other statutory requirements has benn complied. 4. It ensures quality of work done because it contains written records which can be checked at any time. 5. Audit documentation is reviewed by varoious authorities and engagement team. .

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Describe the types of intermolecular forces that you think affect the properties of alkanes and the other functional groups of organic compounds discussed in this chapter. Solution Vander Waals forces- For hydrocarbons, like alkane molecules which does not have strong dipoles, Vander Waals forces are the only attractive forces between molecules. As the dipoles are nonexistent, it depends on contact between the molecules, or in other words the forces increase with surface area. Methane, a small molecule has very weak intermolecular forces, with a low boiling point. However, with increase in molecular weight, boiling point increases. This is because the larger surface area. Therefore, Vander Waals d ispersion forces increase with increasing molecular weight of the alkanes. Dipole-dipole interactions Compounds like acetone which has C=O group is polar compound because of the electronegativity difference between C and O. This results into the dipole-dipole interaction and increases the boiling point in comparison to the hydrocarbon, propane. Hydrogen Bonding This has a remarkable influence on the properties of organic molecules or for that matter in biological system. Compounds like ethanol which has an OH group exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding and its boiling point is much higher than the hydrocarbon Ethane. Hydrogen bond forms when H-atom is bonded to a very strong electronegative atoms, namely O, N, F and Cl etc. Based on the kind of inter molecular forces the solubility pattern of the organic compounds also changes. .

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Describe the \"Great Schism\" in religion. Solution The Great Schism , also known as the East-West Schism , was the event that divided \"Chalcedonian\" Christianity into Western (Roman) Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Though normally dated to 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two bodies of churches. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority -- the Roman Pope claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the four eastern patriarchs claimed that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary, and thus he had authority only over Western Christians -- and over the insertion of thefilioque clause into the Nicene Creed. There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction. The Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographic lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed. It might be alleged that the two churches actually reunited in 1274 (by the Second Council of Lyons) and in 1439 (by the Council of Basel), but in each case the councils were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole, given that the hierarchs had overstepped their authority in consenting to these so-called \"unions\". Further attempts to reconcile the two bodies have failed; however, several ecclesiastical communities that originally sided with the East changed their loyalties, and are now called Eastern Rite Catholic Churches For the most part, however, the Western and the Eastern Churches are separate. Each takes the view that it is the \"One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church\", implying that the other group left the true church during the Schism. .

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Describe several techniques for passive reconnaissance in a penetration test. Solution Describe several techniques for passive reconnaissance in a penetration test. passive reconnnaissance is used to get the data about target computers and their networks reconnaissance means gatehering or collecting of information methods of passive reconnaissance i)to detect sources of wireless networks this is also know as war driving ii)getting of data stored in unused computers iii)masquedering (its like cloning of user identity) some of the techinques are i) port scanning: this will used for checking of ports unused ii) zone transfer: it is also know as axfr. it is desinged to replicate database which conatins dns servers iii) banner grabbing: this is used on html it checks about the information about the computer and which port it is used .

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