Dr. Ananya kadambini, MD(Ayu)

1. Discussion onVishopavisha (Karavira,
Vijaya, Haaridra, Shrungika,
Sourashtrika)
Guided by : Faculty of Rasashastra and Bhaishajyakalpana.
Presenting by: Dr.Ananyakadambini
Dpt of Rasashastra and bhaishajyakaplana
1

2. Contents  Introduction
 Chemical constituents
 Nirukti, synonyms and vernacular names.
 Morphology according modern and ayurveda
 Pharmacology
 Classification
 Rasapanchaka
 Shodhana
 Formulations
 Toxicology
 Mahavisha (haaridra, shrungi, sourashtrika).
 Discussion
 Conclusion
2

3. Karavira
3

4. Introduction
 Karavira is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the Apocynaceae family, and it is toxic in
all its parts.
 It is most commonly known as oleander, from its superficial resembles to the unrelated
olive olea.
 Varga : Upavisha
Latin name : Nerium oleander/ Nerium indicum/ Nerium odorum
Family : Appocynaceae
Kula : Kutaja kula
Sanskrit name : Karavira
Gana : Charaka – Thikshnakanda, Kushtagna
Sushrutha – Lakshadi, Shirovirechanadi
4

5. Chemical composition
Nerium indicum
Karabin, Neriodorein, Nerioden, Beta-Cetosterol, Nerium D, Nerium E (anhydro-oleandrin), Beta- digitaloside,
Nerioside, Obandrin, Digitoxigenin, Oleandroside, Rutin, Plumeriein, oleandrine etc.
Thevitia peruviana
Epiperuviol acetate, Cerberoside (Thevatin-B), Thevatin A Thevefolin, Nerrifolin, Cerberin, Peruposide, Peruvosidic
acid, Ruvocide~Theveneriin, Theveside, Theviridoside, Thevetin, Uridoside, etc.
The tuber contains 2 bitter non-crystallisable principles-Neriodrin and Neriodorein (both are powerful heart
poisons).
Rosaginine and pseudocurarin are glucoside.
 Neriene is an essential oil and a crystalline body identical with Digitaleine.
 Leaves contain an alkaloid Oleandrin.
5

6. Nirukti
करवीर पुं
करुं वोरयति ( वीर+ ववकान्िौ+ कर्मण्यण्।)
Its stem and branches possess many leaves.
हयर्ार
हयुं र्ारयति (र्ृ + णणच् + अण्)
Due to poisonous nature it kills the horses.
चण्डातक - पुं
(चुंडुं चुंण्डताुं तीव्रत्वुं अततत तिरन्तरुं प्राप्िोतीतत। अत्+अण्।) करवीरः। - अमरकोष
Due to poisonous nature it appears very danger.
6
6

7. Synonyms
 According to Rasatarangini
Karavira, Hayari, Hayamara, Ashvantaka, Ashvamara, Ashvaha, Ashvaghna, Chandataka
 According to Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
-Sveta karavira- karavira, svetapushpa, satakumbha, asvamaraka.
-Rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chandata, laguda.
 According to Raja Nighantu:-
Shveta karavira - karavira, mahavira, hayamaraka, hayaghna, pratihasa, satakumbha, asvarodhaka, hayari, kurida,
veeraka, sakunda, svetapushpa, asvantaka, asvagna, nakharahva, asvanasaka, sthaladikumbuda,
divya pushpa, harapriya, gouripushpa, siddhipushpa
Rakta karavira - Rakta prasava, Guneshakusuma, chandikusuma, krura, bhutadravi, ravipriya .
Peetha karavira - peeta prasava, sugandhikusuma.
Krshna karavira - krshnakusuma.
7

8. Vernacular names
Sanskrit - karavira
Hindi - safed kaner, lal kaner.
Kannada - kanagalu, Kangile.
Tamil - arali,alari.
English - oleander.
Telagu - ganneru
Malayalam - arali, kattalari
Occurrence
Himalaya from Nepal, West wards to Kashmir upto 6500 ft. and also all over India. It is extensively
cultivated through out the greater parts of India.
8

9. Morphology
• Leaves - The leaves are exstipulate, petiolate(petiole short),
whorled and each whorl having normally 3 layers, linear,
lanceolate, entire, acuminate, thick and coriaceous, venation is
unicostate, reticulate with midrib being stout and being arising
in very large number running almost running parallel to each
other, Leaves are dark green in red flowered variety and light
green in white variety. They are of 17cm in length and 1-3cm in
width.
• Calyx - Lobes lanceolate.
• Corolla - 2.3 to 3cm in diameter, fragrant, lobes rounded.
9

10. Flowers - red, rose coloured or white, fragrant, in
terminal cymes. lobes rounded.
Filaments - Hairy, appendages of anthers twice as long as
the cells. Anthers joined together adnate to stigma. Cells
long spurred at base.
10

11. Cont.
• Fruit - It is of follicles, cylindrical 15-17.8cm
long, rigid, straight, apressed, longitudinally
striate,(yellowish green to light brown
in Nerium oleander).
Seeds - They are numerous, small, tipped with
coma of light brown hairs. Cotyledons-flat.
• Root - The root system is highly branched; roots
are greyish in colour with long irregular streaks.
• Stem - Stem is branched, greyish or greyish
green in colour with similar types of streaks
on the bark surface.
• Bark- Silvery grey white and soft.
11

12. Pharmacology
• All parts of Nerium oleander contain very toxic cardiac glycosides (oleandrin, digitoxigenin, nerin, folinerin and
rosagenin) which exert effect like digitoxin.(cardio toxic effect).
• Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase, which leads to increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration and a
subsequent positive inotropic effect the sympathetic nervous system.
• They inhibit the activity of sodium potassium pump.
• Myocardial cells lose their resting potential, pacemaker function, and eventually a electrical functions.
• Enterohepatic circulation of toxins leads to extended effects
• Other toxins such as triterpenoids may be involved in the non cardiac components of oleander poisoning.
• Colic signs , fetid, bloody diarrhoea, cyanosis, bradycardia/tachycardia arrhythmias can be observed.
12

13. Oleandrin
 Oliandrin is a toxic cardiac glycoside and has chemical formula C32H48O9.
 Melting point – 2500 C
 It inhibits Na-Ka ATPase.
 Oleandrin binds to specific amino acids in the protein which causes loss in its function.
 It disappears the sodium gradient in extra cellular membrane after depolarization. This sodium
gradient is the driving force for other proteins (sodium calcium exchanger) which plays an
important role in cardio myocytes.
 After muscle contraction calcium is usually pumped out of the cell and exchanged for sodium.
When the sodium gradient is depleted, calcium cannot be pumped back and accumulates in the
cardio myocyte.
 As a result of high concentration, actin and myosin filaments will bind stronger, unable to relax
properly to make new contraction possible.
13

14. According to Rasatarangini
करवीरः सर्ाख्यािः सवमत्र सलभस्िरः
भभषग्वरैरस्य र्ूलुं र्िुं िूपववषाह्वयर््॥
करवीरस्य र्ूलत्वक् िद्रसो वा तिषेवविः।
करोति हह ववशेषेण र्ोहदाहभ्रर्ाहदकर् ्॥
करवीरकर्ूलन्ि बाह्ययोगे प्रयज्यिे।
आभ्यन्िरः प्रयोगोऽस्य ि कत्रावष प्रकीतिमिः॥
{R.T 24/486-491}
Vaidya samuha considered mula of karavira as upavisha which is available easily everywhere.
Intake of mula tvak and its rasa in larger dose causes moha, daha and bhrama etc.
Acharya mentions only external use of karavira rather than its internal use.
According to rasendra chudamani
Acharya has explained under divyoushadhi.
हयमारसमाकार्दलपूणादतन्वता लता।
करवीरलतेयक्ता तितराुं सूत बन्धिे॥ [६।४६]
Lata which is covered by dense leaves. It is used in parada bandhana.
14

15. Classification
Oleander
White oleander
Nerium oleander
Nerium odorum
Yellow oleander
Thevetia peruviana
Cerebra thevetia
Acc Rasatarangini- 3 types
• Shweta pushpa
• Rakta pushpa
• Pita pushpa
According to Raja
Nighantu- 4 types
• Shweta
• Rakta
• Peeta
• Krishna.
According to
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu-
3 types
• Shweta
• Rakta
• Peeta.
15

16. Classical Categorisation
1. According to charaka: Kusthaghna, Tikta skandha, Moola visha varga, Tikta varga.
2. According to sushruta: Laksadi gana, Siro virechana varga, Moola visha varga, Tikta varga
3. According to vagbhata: Laksadi gana.
4. According to Bhavaprakasha Nighantu: Guduchyadi varga, Vishopavisha varga
.
5. According to Raja Nighantu: Karaviradivarga.
6.According to dhanvantri Nighantu: Karaviradischaturda varga, Upavishagana of Mishrakadi
sapthamovarga.
16

17. Rasapanchaka
Nighantu Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka
Bhavaprakasha
nigantu
Tiktha, Kashaya
Katu
- Ushna Katu
Raja nighantu Katu Thikshna - -
Dhanvanthari
nighantu
Katu, Tikta Ushna - -
Karma –Kaphasamaka, Vatasamaka, Kushtaghna, Vranasodhana, Vranaropana, Chakshushya, Kandugna, Grahi
Mutrlam, Arshoharam, Pramehaghnam, Krimighnam, Jvaraghna
Dhanvatari Nighantu - chakshushya and useful in kandu, kushta, charmaroga.
Bhavaprakasa nighantu - karavira has Vranasodhana and Vranaropana activities. Acts against krimi and kushta.
17

18. Upavisha shodhana
• According to Rasendra Sarasangraha
धत्तूरस्य च यद्बीजमन्यच्चोपचतवषञ्च तत्।
तच्छोध्युं र्ौतलकायन्रे क्षीरपूणोऽथ पारके॥
[र.सा.सुं १। 386]
Shodhana of all upavisha can be done by swedana in gokshira using dolayantra.
• According to Ayurveda prakasha
ि प्रोक्तुं शोधिुं यस्य तवषस्योपतवषस्य वा।
गोर्ग्धे स्वेर्िुं तस्य कतदव्यम् शतिकारकम्॥
[६।५३]
If shodhana for upavisha and visha is told then swedana shuld be done using godugdha.
18

19. Shodhana
गोर्ग्धे र्ौतलकास्वेर्ार्् करवीरो तवशध्यतत
{Rasamrutam}
Karavira shodha is done with godugdha using dolayantra.
हयाररतवदषच्छोद्यो गोर्ग्धे र्ोलकेि त।
{ Y.R }
As shodhana of vatsabha is done with godugdha shodhana of karavira is also done with godugdha using dolayantra
for 1 prahara.
 Rasatarangini has not mentioned shodhana of karavira as Acharya has not mentioned the internal use of karavira.
19

20. Comparative analytical study of Ashuddha Karaveera and Shuddha Karaveera
Apeksha D. Patil, Dhiraj B. Patil.
Abstract
Karaveera (Cerebra thevetia Linn.) is reported under Upavisha Dravya in classical ayurvedic pharmacopeias. It is
observed that Shodhana (purification procedures) of the mool should be carried out before its internal administration.
There are different Shodhana methods mentioned in Ayurveda. In this study Godugdha was used as media. The
impact of Shodhana was evaluated by physico analytical study. It clearly proves physico analytical changes during
Shodhana. Ashuddha Karaveera was taken on white clean cloth and they dumped in Pottali with Godugdha. Pottali
was tied to middle of wooden rod dipped in Godugdha in stainless steel vessel and mild heat given to pottali in
Dolayantra. Shuddha Karaveera was obtained and then washed with luke warm water and dried. Ashuddha
Karaveera contains toxin in it which was removed after Shodhana process. So that foreign matter, loss on drying was
less in Shuddha Karaveera and due to Shodhana process with Godugdha total ash, acid insoluble ash was more than
that of Ashuddha Karaveera.
Observations
1. Initially, colour of Godugdha was white which turned into brown.
2. During the process, after one and half hour, pleasant smell occurred.
3. Quantity of Godugdha was maintained throughout process by adding Godugdha two times.
4. After Shodhana process, hardness of Karaveera Moola reduced and Twak was separated.
5. After 5 days of drying, it became brittle with sound . 20

21. Cont.
Analytical result Ashuddha and Shuddha Karaveera Moola
1. Wt of Ashuddha Karaveera
moola
250 gm
2. Wt of wet Shuddha Karaveera
moola
274 gm
3. Wt of dry Shuddha Karaveera
moola
166 gm
Organoleptic observations of Karaveera
No. Parameter Before Shodhana After Shodhana
1. Shabda Slightly flexible, no
breakage
Brittle with sound
2. Sparsha Hard Hardness reduced
3. Rupa Brown, With bold,
Adherent Twak
Brown, Twak
separated
4. Gandha Characteristic Pleasant
No. Parameter Ashuddha
Karveera
Shuddha
Karaveera
1. Loss on drying 3.9 6.54
2. Total ash 3.01 1.01
3. Acid insoluble ash 0.35 0.41
4. Water soluble extract 2.73 4.54
5. Foreign matter 1.15 0.41
21

22. Cont
CONCLUSION
Shuddha Karavira is softer than Ashuddha Karavira and shows more value of loss on drying than
Ashuddha Karavira. Ashuddha Karavira Moola contains foreign matter like soil, dust etc. which was
not seen in Shuddha Karavira Moola. So that, ash value decreases in Shuddha Karavira Moola.
The toxins contents in Karaveera reduced so that water soluble extractive value increased in
Shuddha Karaveera.
22

23. Indication
According to Rasatarangini
करवीरर्ूलुं ि वाररणा पररपेवषिर् ्।
सर्ख्यािुं प्रलेपेि ह्यपदुंशव्रणापहर््॥
करवीरदलद्रावो िेत्रयोववमतियोजििः।
अभभष्यन्दुं िलस्रावुं व्यपोहति ववशेषिः||
Peshana of karavira mula with water and do pralepa of paste on upadamsha vrana.
Karavira patra rasa for abhishyanda
करवीराद्य तैल
करवीरभशफाक्वथववपक्वुं तिलिैलकर््। कल्कीकृ िववडुंगाजग्ियोगिो गोिलाजन्विर््॥
करवीरद्यिैलुं ि सर्ाख्यािुं भभषग्वरैः। अभ्युंगाद्ववतिहन्याश त्वग्गिाि् ववववधाि् गदाि्॥
[२४।४९४-४९५]
Prepare taila out of Karavira tvak kwatha, vidanga, chitraka kalka, gomutra and tila taila- abhyangaartha.
According to yogaratnakara
करवीरद्वयुं िेररोगकष्ठव्रणापहम्।
लघूष्णुं कृतमकण्डूघ्िुं भतक्षतुं तवषवन्मतुं||
Netraroga, Kushta, Vrana, Krimigna, Kandugna.
23

24. According to charaka
• Shweta karaviraadya taila
श्वेतकरवीरकरसो गोमूरुं तचरको तवडुंगश्च।
कष्ठेष तैलयोगः तसिोऽयुं सुंमतो तभषजाम्॥
[च.तच.७।१०५]
Shveta karavira rasa, chitraka, vidanga with gomutra taila has to prepare for kushtha.
• Shvetakaravirapallavadya taila
श्वेतकरवीरपल्लवमूलत्वग्वत्सको तवडुंगश्च।
कष्ठाकदमूलसषदपतशग्रत्वग्रोतहणी कटका॥
एतैस्तैलुं तसतिुं कल्कैः पार्ाुंतशकैगदवाुं मूरम्।
र्त्त्वा तैलचतगदणमभ्युंगात् कष्ठकण्डूघ्िम्॥
[च,तच.७।१०६-१०७]
Shvetakaravira pallava, mula thvak along with gomutra and other drugs taila is prepared for abhyangartha.
• Acharya charaka has mentioned external use of karavira in his sutra sthana 3rd(aragvadhiyamadhyayam),
chikitsasthana 7th (Kushta chikitsa), 21st (Visarpa chikithsa), 23rd (Visha chikitsa), 25th (dvivraniya chikitsa), 26th
(trimarmiya chikitsa) etc..
24

25. Sushrutha explained external application of karavira mula and other parts in kushta, shvitra, krimijagdha anga,
bhagandhara, panatyaya chikithsa as lepa and seka.etc.
Acharya vagbhata mentioned external application of karavira in ekanga shopha, kushta, indralupta, palitya, visarpa.
Sarvakarmika agada –
करवीराकदकसममूललाुंगतलकाकणाः।
कल्कयेर्ािादलेि पाठामररचसुंयता:
एष व्यन्तरर्ष्टािामगर्ः सावदकातमदकः॥
[A.H.U.36.70]
Flowers and roots of Karaveera, arka, langali and kakanika along with patha and marica are made into a paste with
fermented rice wash and consumed.
This is best for bites of vyantara snakes.
25

26. In Rasaratna samuchaya Acharya has mentioned external use of karavira in vishakalpadhyaya (29th).
1. करवीराकदमूलबकतचकातवषैः।
बस्ताम्बतपष्टैः सद्वीतपतद्वपतपप्यल्यरुष्करैः॥
[80]
Karavira-arka-chitraka mula, bakuchi bija churna, shu.vatsanabha churna, pippali, gajapippali, arushkara churna: take
all these ingrediens in equal quantity and do mardana with aja mutra and use it as lepa for shvitra.
2. दुष्टव्रणहरतैल:
करञ्िकरवीराक
म र्ालिीरक्िचन्दिैः। आस्फोटाकष्ठर्जञ्िष्ठासप्िच्छदतिशाििैः॥
भसन्धवारवचाक्ष्वेडैगमवाुं र्ूत्रे चिगमणे। भसद्धुं कष्ठहरर् ् िैलुं दष्टव्रणववशोधिर् ्॥
[148-149]
External application of dushtavranahara taila.
3. कु ष्ठहरतैल
कष्ठाश्वमारभृुंगाकदमूलस्िक्क्क्षीरसैन्धवैः। तैलुं तसिुं तवषावापमभ्युंगात् कष्ठतजत् परम्॥
[150]
4. Savarnikarana taila.
26

27. Toxicology
• It is mainly cardiac poison.
• Used commonly by quacks in the treatment of various ailments( leprosy, skin and etc. diseases.)
• It is also used as illicit abortifacient.
करवीरतवषे तापो कोष्ठे भवतत र्ारुणः।
स शूलौ वाुंततरेकौ च भवेर्ाक्षेपको गर्ः॥
[An.Pat.ma]
• Tapa of karavira causes darunata in koshta.
• It also causes shula, vanti, atisara, akshepaka vata.
27

28. Difference between white and yellow oleander
Sl. no White oleander Yellow oleander
1. Active principles Oleandrin, Folinerin,
Nerilin, Rosagenin
Theventine,
Cerebrin
2. Signs and symptoms Nausea, vomiting,
Tachycardia,
Ventricular
fibrillation, Death
occurs due to cardiac
failure
Burning pain in
mouth, oesophagus,
and stomach
followed by dryness,
numbness in tongue,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
Head ache,
dizziness, irregular
pulse, bp falls,
peripheral
circulatory failure
3. Fatal dose Leaves : 5 to 15
Root : 15 gms
8 to 10 seeds
4. Fatal period Usually dies within
24 hrs.
within 24 hrs.
28

29. Acc. Modern
a) Decontamination
b) Sodium molar lactate transfusion with glucose &1mg
atropine, 2mg noradrenaline is beneficial for the
correction of cardio-vascular abnormalities.
c) Correction of fluid and electrolyte balance
Acc. Ayurveda
सितायुक्त िदा देय दधि माहहषं पयः।
तथा चाक
क त्वचा पीता कणकवीराववषापहा॥
(अनुपनमन्जरर ३।१३)
Mix mahisha dadhi or milk and add powder or arka thvak
and drink it to get cured from all poisonous effects of
karavira
Post-mortem appearance
There are no specific signs. Mucosa of GIT is
congested, and petechiae are often seen on the heart.
Nerium resists putrefaction and even burning, and
can be detected long after death.
Medico legal importance
1. Suicidal agent – usually decoction of it is prepared
and consumed.
2. Accidental poisoning can results from its missuses
by quacks for therapeutic purposes.
3.It is some times used to procure illegal abortions.
White oleander
Management
29

30. Yellow
oleander
30

31. 31

32. Vijaya- Introduction
• Bhang is an annual herbaceous plant in the cannabaceae family.
• People have cultivated this herb throughout as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and
spiritual enlightenment and medicine. Each part of plant is harvested differently.
• Currently it is a controlled substance placed under Schedule-1 in the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic
Substances due to its abusive & narcotic nature.
Varga : Upavisha
Latin name : Cannabis sativa
English name : Indian hemp
Family : Cannabaceae
Kula : Bhanga kula
Sanskrit name : Vijaya
Sub species : 1. Cannabis sativa
2. Cannabis indica
3. Cannabis ruderalis. 32

33. History
• Vijaya is said to be originated from amrita spilled from the mouth of Lord Shiva.
• Bhanga is the term used to denote a kind of Soma in Rigveda. Shayana commented it as
“भुंगुं शरूणाुं भञ्जकुं”
• In Atharva veda it is described as herb. Vaitasana soutra quoted it as narcotic plant(मार्क वीरुध् )
• It mentioned cannabis as one of five sacred plants, referring to it as a source of happiness, joy and salvation.
• It appears to be abundant use during the period of Atharva samhita.
• Cannabis smoke is mentioned in yogaratnamala.
• The first evidence of cannabis found in China in 4000BC.
• As a medicine cannabis was reported in pen-ts’ao ching.
33

34. • Cannabis is considered as a narcotic & abusive herb is a controlled substance, illegal in India till date. It is placed
under Schedule 1 in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. It is a United Nations treaty designed to
control psychoactive drugs.
• India signed the convention on 23rd April, 1975. In India it is placed in SCHEDULE-E(1) of poisonous substances
of vegetable origin under Ayurvedic medicine in Drugs & cosmetics act, 1940 & rules, 1945.
Preparation
• Charas – Trimmed flowers with bit of stem from plant that is roughly 2-3 weeks away from reaching full maturity
are collected and rubbed slowly and gently between hands. Ball or stick of charas is prepared which is
dark green or brown in colour. It contains 25-40% of active principle.
• Ganja – It is prepared from the flower tops of the female plant. It has rusty green colour and characteristic odour.
It is mixed and smoked with tobacco in pipe. It contains 15-25% of the active principle.
• Bhang – It is prepared from the dried leaves and fruit shoots. It is the mildest and 15% of active principle.
Fresh bhang is highly intoxicating and narcotic.
• Majoon – It is a sweet prepared with bhang. It increases the appetite and sexual desire.
34

35. Chemical Constituents
The plant contains more than 500 compounds; main psychoactive constituent of Cannabis is
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Among 500 compounds 113 compounds are Cannabinoids.
Cannabidiol is one more compound among cannabinoids which produces in more percentage in
cannabis.
Apart from the cannabinoids there are more than 120 compounds which are responsible for
characteristic aroma of plant. These are mainly volatile terpenes and sesquiterpenese.
Ex : α-Pinen, Myrcene, Linaloo, Limonene, Trans-β-ocimene, α-Terpinolene, Trans-
caryophyllene,
α-Humulene, Caryophyllene
35

36. Nirukti
Shabdakalpadruma
 भङ्ग - स्त्री भलुंग पद
भज्यिे इति भङ्ग। भन्ि् + हलश्च
 तवजया- मार्क द्रव्य तवशेषः
भाङ् इतत तसति
 गञ्जा - स्त्री तलुंग पर्
मतर्रागृहम्
गञ्ज +टाप् शब्र्ः
36

37. Synonyms  Bhanga, Madika, Bhangika : That which causes intoxication.
 Matulani : Like lakhmivahana it causes blindness
 Ganja : The flowering top of bhanga
 Vijaya/ Jaya : That which over comes the diseases or over comes sufferings.
 Ranjika : That which relives sorrow and sufferings.
 Bahuvadini : person talks more when he is under the influence of this.
 Matuh : relives sufferings as mother.
 Ganjayika : It is also considered as an auspicious plant.
 Trailokya vijaya : Victorious in all three world.
 Shivamoli : Favourite to lord shiva.
37

38. Vernacular names
 Hindi : Bhang
 Telugu: Ganjayi
 Kannada : Bangi
 Malyalam : Bhang
 Tamil : Pangi, kanja
 English : Indian hemp or cannabis
Occurrence
Find wild on Western Himalayas and Kashmir, Central Asia. Found in Bihar, UP, and Gujarat. Cultivated in tropical
and temperate regions.
Common use
 Cannabis sativa seeds are used to make hempseed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, paints. They can
also be used as caged-bird feed
 The flowers (lesser extent the leaves, stems, and seeds) contain cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational,
medicinal, and spiritual purposes.
 Historically cannabis was used in tinctures, teas and ointments also.
38

39. Morphology
• An erect annual, smelling, scarily branched herb of variable height but usually
0.9-1.5 meter height. The female plant usually grows taller than male plant.
• Stems- grooved, finely tomentose, branches few, slender.
• Leaves – stalked palmate, alternate or the lower opposite. Upper surface dark
green and rough, lower plane-downy.
• Lobes – 1-5 in upper leaves and 5-11 in lower; linear.
• Lanceolate- 5-20 cm in length, the middle one is largest,
sharp and toothed, teeth coarse, long pointed,
narrowed to the base.
39

40. • Flower – pale yellow green unisexual; male and female
flowers grows separately in dissimilar plants.
Male flowers- clustered in short axillary drooping penicles; 5 sepals,
limbricate, perianth 5 parted segments, boat shaped; stamen 5 in no.
which erect in bud; filaments are filiform which are long thread like
structure.
Female flowers- clustered in short axillary drooping penicles; perianth
a single entire leaf enclosing the ovary; ovary sessile of 2 carels, 1 fertile
and one sterile, 1 locular; Ovule pendules reversed camphylotropous;
style central arms 2, filiform, caduceus.
• Fruits- compressed somewhat and crustaceous nut.
• Seed – flattened, unilateral fleshy, embryo curved, cotyledous broad,
thick, radicle up curved incubent.
40

41. Difference between male and female plant
• Cannabis plant usually has differing male and female plants, although sometimes plants can be hermaphrodites.
Female plants produce female flowers, and male plants male flowers - or in the case of a hermaphrodite, you can
see both male and female flowers.
• Pre-flower period- produce small
bell shaped clusters, that hang
down and open releasing the pollen.
• Level of cannabinoids is low in
flowers
• Thicker stalks, less dense leaves
and grow shorter
• Pre-flower period-produce tear
shaped calyxes with 2 pistils.
• Flower with high cannabinoids are
consumed usually.
• Thinner stalks, more dense leaves,
grows taller.
Male
Female
41

42. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
• THC is one of 113 cannabinoids identified in cannabis. THC is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis.
• Chemical name : (-)-trans-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
42
Bioavailability 10-35% by inhalation
6-20% by oral pathway
Excretion 65-80% in feces
35% in urine as acid metabolites
Formula C21H30O2
Boiling point 155-1570 C
Solubility in water 0.008

43. Pharmacology of cannabis
• Cannabinoids exert many effects through activation of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors in the brain and
peripheral tissues.
• The effect of cannabis can be explained on the basis of the function of the cannabinoid receptor system, which
consists of CB receptors (CB1, CB2), endoligands to activate these receptors and an enzyme fatty acid amido
hydrolase to metabolize the endoligands.
• The endoligands of the cannabinoid receptor system are arachidonic acid-like substances, and are called
endocannabinoids. Indications exist that the body also contains arachidonic acid-like substances that inhibit fatty
acid amido hydrolase.
• Various cannabinoids have diverse effects on the receptors, functioning as agonists, antagonists or partial
antagonists, as well as affecting the vanilloid receptor.
• Many known effects of cannabis can be explained on the basis of this mechanism of action as can the use of
cannabis in various conditions including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma, nausea, vomiting and
rheumatoid arthritis.
43

44. Collection of cannabis (Acc Ananda kanda)
• Collection method of Vijaya includes leaves & seeds having Snigdha guna (smooth and greasy property) in the
month of phalguna (Feb-Mar).
• This Snigdha guna is due to the structures called trichomes, a unicellular & glandular outgrowth developed over
flowering & fruiting plant. These trichomes predominantly emerge over the surface of raceme inflorescence and the
leaves near them, hence called as sugar leaves.
• After collection they are dried in mild heat waves of sun for 7-12 days.
• Three types of paka are mentioned for Vijaya agni paka, surya paka & Chandra paka.
44

45. According to Rasatarangini
भुंगा ि क्षपिािीयासवमत्र सलभा र्िा।
अिःपररछयस्िस्या ववस्िरान्ि प्रदभशमिः॥
दलद्रवो दलुं बीिुं र्ािलन्या ववशेषिः।
प्रयज्यिे भेषिेष कार्ुं रसचचककत्सक
ै ः॥
[र.िुं. २४।३९२-३९३]
Vijaya is kshudra jati tree which is found easily in all deshas. Hence vistara of this tree is not explained by acharya.
Patra rasa, patra and bija are useful parts of the plant for vaidyas.
Vijaya is a dioecious herb with numerous leaves resembling a trishula and has 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11 & 13 parna or dala
(according to ananda kanda)
According to rasendra chudamani
पीतक्षीराढकीपरच्छर्िा िातततवस्तृता।
तवख्याता तवज्ियेत्येषा रसबन्धतवधौ तहता॥
[५।३०]
Completely covered with leaves.
Not so widely spread.
Use to do rasabandhana.
45

46. Classification
According to Anandakanda. Classification of vijaya is done on the basis of colour and also yuga
Sl.no Yuga Colour Phytochemical
1. Kruta yuga Shweta(white) Anthoxanthin
2. Tretayuga Shonita(red) Lycopene
3. Dwaparayuga Pita(yellow) Carotinoids
4. Kaliyuga Nila(blue) Anthocynin
46

47. Rasa panchaka
• Rasa : tikta [K.n, Bh.n. R.n, Sho.ni]
katu [ ananda knda]
• Guna : tiksna, ushna, laghu
• Virya : Ushna virya
• Vipaka : Katu vipaka
• Effect on doshas : Pittakara,
kapha vata hara.
Actions Related system Related actions
Samanya karma Gastrointestinal Grahi, ruchya[k.n]
pachana[bh.n],
Dipana[r.t]
Reproductive Kamada[sho.ni], Vajikarana
C.N.S Tandra[r.t], moha[a.k],
nidrajanaka[sh.n],
murcha[bh.n]
Metabolism Karshani[k.ni],
vyavayi[sh.sa]
Prabhava C.N.S Medhya[r.t],
Vakvadini[bh.ni],
mada,Sukhakari[a.k]
Metabolism Yogavahi[a.k], Rasayana[r.t]
47

48. Classical categorisation
Sl.no Nighantu nama Varga
1. Dhanvantari nighantu Guduhyadi varga
2. Shodala nighantu Lakshmanadi varga
3. Madanapala nighantu Haritakyadi varga
4. Saligrama nighantu Ashtavarga
5. Kaiyadeva nighantu Aushadhi varga
6. Bhavaprakasha nighantu Haritakyadi varga
7. Rasa granthas Upavisha
48

49. Shodhana
 Acc. Rasatarangini
1. मातलािीं शष्कपराुं सतलले त तिमज्जयेत्।
तिष्पीड्या शष्काुं गव्याज्ये भजदयेन्मन्र्वतििा॥
तसभृष्टामथ तवज्िाया सत्वरुं त समाहरेत्।
इत्थुं तवशोतधताुं भुंगा सवदर तवतियोजयेत्
[२४।३९४-३९५]
Dipping dry leaves of Vijaya in water, later dried under sun shade and fried in cow’s ghee under
mild flame.
2. भुंगा तवशष्कमार्ाय बब्बूलत्वक्क्कषायतः। स्वेर्येद्घतटकाधं त मध्यमािलयोगतः॥
तवज्िाया तवजयाुं तस्वन्िाुं घमे खल तवशोषयेत्। एवुं सुंस्वेतर्ता भुंगा शतिमायत्यित्तमाम्॥
एव तवशोतधता भुंगाुं तपष्ट्वा गोर्ग्ध योगतः। कमोद्दीपियोगेष तवशेषेण तियोजयेत्॥
भुंगा ततक्ता लघस्तीक्ष्णा ग्रातहणी कफहाररणी। र्ीपिी पाचिी चैव तपत्तला मर्कररणी॥
[२४।३९६-३९९]
swedana process with Baboola twak kwatha for ardha Ghati over mandagni then later pounded with cow’s milk.
This procedure is considered as uttama sodhana.
49

50.  Acc. Ayurveda prakasha & yogaratnakara
बब्बलत्वक्कषायेण भुंगाुं सुंस्वेद्य शोषयेि्।
गोदग्धभाविाुं दत्त्वा शष्काुं सवमत्र योियेि्॥
[६।११६]
Swedana of vijaya in babbula tvak kashaya and dry it. Later give bhavana using godugdha
and dry it.
 Acc. Rasamrutam
Keeping the Vijaya in a muslin bag and washed in water till it is free from turbidity and later dried
under sun shade.
Acc. Rasaprakasha Sudhakara
Shodhana of bhang can be done using godugdha swedana.
50

51. Effect of shodhan on narcotic content of Vijaya
Pramila pant & C.L.Jain B.M.E.B.R. Vol. XIX
• An experimental study was conducted in Ghaziabad (2015) on some of these purification procedures with respect
to their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. In the first method of purification THC reduced was minimal (26%) in
comparison to second method where the percentage of THC was markedly reduced.
Sample from
purification method
Percentage of THC % reduction in THC
1st method.[washed with
water and dried]
0.127 26%
2nd method.[1st shodhna
acc R.T]
0.094 85%
3rd method.[2nd method
of shodhana acc. R.T]
0.019 43%
4th method.[swedana
with milk acc dr.g.vi.]
0.72 65%
51

52. Indication
• Arka prakasha- mentioned in a preparation named unmatta panchaka, an aphrodisiac medicament which causes
matta.
• Charaka- decoction of leaves of Bhanga as an external medication for rinsing in Shushka Arshas.
• Sharangadhara samhita – Jatipaladya churna contain bhang as major ingredient. Indicated in grahani, kasa,
shvasa, aruchi, kshaya, vatashleshma pratishyaya.
• Bhavaprakasha – kameshvara modaka consist vijaya acts as vajikarana
• Rasatarangini – External uses
आद्राद तवशष्का वा भुंगात्वजार्ग्धेि पेतषता। प्रतलप्ता पार्तलयोः तिद्राुं जियतत द्रतम्॥
भुंगा सश्लक्ष्ण सुंतपष्टा तशलायाुं तवमलाम्भसा। कोश्णोपिाहयोगेि कतथताशोव्यथाहरा॥
धूम्रपितवधािेि भुंगा यक्क्त्याथवातशता। साक्षेपुंतमकश्वासुं कासुं सुंक्रामकुं हरेत्||
[ २४।४१५-४१७]
o Paste of bhang done with is applied to padatala to induce sleep.
o Paste of bhang done with koshnodaka is applied to arshas.
o Dhuma of bhang cures tamaka shvasa, kasa, sankramika kasa.
52

53. • General dose of bhang told by R.T
तद्वगन्जतः समारभ्य चतगदन्जातमताुं परम्। भुंगाुं खल प्रयन्जीत बलकालद्यपेक्षया॥
2-4 ratti
Internal uses
1. Madanodaya modaka
Ingredients: jatipatra, phala, lavanga, Chandra kunkuma, ela, daruharidra, sita, vyosha, vanga, rasasindura, jiraka,
abhraka, loha,- each 1 tola.
shatavari, gokshura, draksha, karkatashrungi, bala, kapikachu, kushta, vrudhadaru bija- 2 karsha
Bhang – half of the total quatity of above mentioned ingredients.
Prepare modaka out of these ingredients.
Action- brumhana, kamakari, balya,
Anupana – dugdha.
2. Trailokya vijayavati
Ingredients- bhang satva, vamshalochana – 3 parts each
Matra – 1 ratti
Indication- pralapa, unmada, vrukka shula, raja shula, yakshma kasa, atisara, svapnadosha.
53

54. 3. Trailokya sammohana rasa
Ingredients – Shudha vijaya (12 tola),
Hingula, rasasindura, lavanga, abhraka, shankha bhasma(each 1tola)
gokshura, kapikachu bija, karkata shrungi( each 2 tola)
Bhavana 7 times Bhang svarasa
Shataputra svarasa
Make vati of 3 ratti
Action – vashi kara, dhrutikara, smrutikara, ruchya, harshothsahakara, putrotpattikara, ratipriyakara, shukrastambhana
Indication- klaibya.
54

55. Formulations
SL.NO FORMULATION INDICATION MATRA ANUPANA KARMA REFERENCE
1 Agnikumara rasa grahani 1 shana Dipana, grahi Ra.Sa.Sam,
2. Bhang churna Kushta, jvara,
amatisara
Guda,madhu,
dadhi
Sidh.bhe.mani
Bh.pra, yo.ra.
3 Buhat kameshvara modaka vajikarana 6 masha Bha.bhai.ra
4 Dhyanodaya rasa Rasayana 1-2 masha Shukrala,
vrushya
Ra.yo.sag
5. Grahanigajakesari rasa grahani 2 ratti/1maricha takra Bh.bhai.ra
6. Jvalanala rasa ajirna 4 masha Guda+shunti Dipana,pachana Saligrama.ni
7. Sparshavataghna rasa Sparshavata Guda Ra.ra.sa
8. Talakeshvara rasa vatavyadhi 1-4 ratti uttejaka Ra.ka,bhai.ra
9. Vangeshvaradi vati jvara 1 tola Sharkara+dugda Balya, rasayana
medhya
Bha.bai.ra
10. Vijayeshvara rasa tvakvikara 4 masha Khadira,nimba Saligrama.ni
55

56. Modern formulations
• In recent market, cannabis is available in extracts, herbal cannabis, tinctures, resins, edibles, lozenges, lollipops,
nabiximols and prescribed cannabinoids nabilone, dronabinol etc.
• Tincture - prepared by soaking the dried flowers of the female hemp plant (marijuana) in ethanol, as
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids dissolve into the alcohol. This tincture can be used orally or as
an external application for skin.
Ex: Sativex used as an oral spray.
• Cannabis cooking oils are available to medical cannabis patients in a variety of organic blends for various
cooking applications.
• Cannabis edibles or cannabis infused food are available in market which contains cannabinoids, significant
amount of THC.
• Cannabis-infused butter or canna-butter is prepared by heating the raw cannabis in melted butter allows the
cannabinoids to be extracted by the fat.
57

57. Route of administration
• The route of administration of cannabis can affect the onset, intensity, and duration of the psychotropic effects, the
effects on organ systems.
• Inhalation (smoking and vaporization), oral, sublingual, topical and rectal.
Smoking, a widely used route of cannabis administration, provides a rapid and efficient method of drug delivery
from the lungs to the brain, contributing to its abuse potential. Bioavailability of this route is 2-56%.
• On oral and rectal administration it is found that, THC concentrations peaked within ranged between 2.1 to 16.9
mg/ml and 1.1−4.1 ng/ml respectively. The bioavailability of the rectal route was approximately twice that of the
oral route due to higher absorption and lower first-pass metabolism.
• Topical administration, another route of cannabinoid exposure to avoid first-pass metabolism and improves THC
bioavailability.
• Intravenous administration of cannabis showed symptoms like acute paranoid, panic, hypotension, withdrawal of
consent due to dislike of THC effects like broad range of transient symptoms, behaviours, and cognitive deficits in
healthy individuals that resembled endogenous psychoses. Hence, IV administration is not a prescribed route for
cannabis. 58

58. Toxicology
ववियायाुं ि िैभर्यमर् ् र्िोववभ्रर् एव च।
अपस्र्ृति प्रलापश्च वाजन्ि कण्ठे ववशष्किा॥
[An.pat.Man]
Timira, manovibhrama, apasmara, pralapa, chardi and kanta shushkata are the lakshanas of bhang.
Fatal dose
To the non addict – 10 minims of the tincture or 1.5 gms (equivalent to three ciggaretes) can serious excitements.
The minimum lethal dose of
Charas – 2000mg/ kg body weight
Ganja – 8000 mg/ kg body weight
Bhang – 10000 mg/ kg body weight
Fatal period
Death may occur in 12 hrs.
59

59. Acute poisoning
Excitement stage
1. Hallucination
2. Laughs
3. Sings
4. Talks loudly
5. Irrelevent muscular
movements.
6. No perception of time and space
Narcosis stage
1. Muscular weakness
2. Giddiness
3. Loss of co-ordination of movements
4.Drowsiness
5.Dilatation of pupils
6.In some of cases patient is in state of
general anaesthesia
Its effects primarily on CNS and its symptoms are divided into stages.
60

60. Chronic poisoning
A prolonged consumption of any form of cannabis leads to
1. Loss of appetite
2. General weakness
3. Emaciation
4. Trembling
5. Decreases/ loss of sexual desire
6. Toxic psychosis. It may be in the form of mania, depression, or dementia.
Post-mortem Appearance
No characteristic features have so far been described.
Medico legal importance
1. Majun and charas are used primarily for robbery purposes.
2. Accidental poisoning by bhang
3. Before committing crime some people used to make the nerves steady.
61

61. Treatment
Acute
poisoning
Modern
• Evacuation of stomach, Cold bath, Stimulants, Artificial respiration and
O2 inhalation, Symptomatic treatment if and when needed.
Acute
poisoning
Ayurveda
• गोदिी शुण्ठीयुक्तं च पाने भंगाववकाश्नुन्।
• आर्द्ककिंदेिडा तद्वत् जले वपष््वा वपबेन्नर॥[अनुपान मंजरर]
• Dadhi mixed with shunti and fresh root of sandesada(poinciantic
elata)crushed in water if consumed subsides all poisonous effects of
the bhanga.
Chronic
poisoning
• Gradual withdrawal of the drug. Diazepam for sedation, Haloperiodol
for psychotic reactions, Psychotherapy.
62

62. Mahavisha
Haridra
Haridra is one among the mahavishas explained by many rasashastris.
According to rasendra chintamani
हररद्राग्रतन्थवर््ग्रतन्थः कृष्णवणोततभीषणः।
मूलाग्रयोः सवृत्तः स्यार्ायत पीतगभदकः॥
कञ्चकाढ्य तस्िग्धपवाद हाररद्रस्याच्चकन्र्कः
७ chapter.
Granthi which looks like haridra and will be black in colour at its outer part an pita varna inside.
Golakara at its extremities and aytaakara in the middle
Which has prints at its outer part which resembles look of snake.
According to rasamanjari
हाररद्रकुं हररद्राभुं हररतहररतप्रभुं।
It looks like haridra and has harita prabha.
63

63.  According to Rasaratna samucaya
हाररद्रकुं पीतवणदम् तवषभेर्ा प्रकीततदताः
तवषकल्पातधकार
Haaridra is a type of visha which has pita varna.
According to rasajalanidhi
हाररद्रातल्यमूलो यो हाररद्र: स उर्ाहृतः।
तवराटे जायते तस्मात् वैराट्कुं च कथ्यते ॥
मूलाग्रयोः सवृत्तः स्यार्ायतः पीतगभदकः।
कञ्चकाढ्या तस्िग्धपवाद हाररद्रः शक्तकन्र्कः॥
Tuber which looks like haridra.
It is also called as Virata because it grows mainly in the province of Virata.
Both extremities are well rounded and aytakara in middle. And yellow in colour at its garbha.
Each of the parts of this tuber between one knot and nearest is smooth or appeared as it is smeared with oil.
It resembles like shaktu when it is made into paste.
64

64. Shrungika
According to Rasajalanidhi
Acharya explains shrungi and he also quoted about shweta, rakta and mesha shrungi which is different in appearance
and has same properties.
Shrungi
1. यतस्मि् गोशृुंगके बिे र्ग्धुं भवतत लोतहतम्।
तुं शृुंगीतत तवजािीयार्् वणेि कृष्णतपुंगलम्
[७।३ खण्ड]
Tuber which is in Krishna pingala varna
If the tuber is tied to horns of go it makes cow to yield lohita varna ksheera.
Rakta shrungi
A. गोश्ृुंङ्गाुंगेऽथ ववक्षक्षप्िो िासयासृक् प्रविमिे।
लघगोस्ििवत्कन्दो रक्िश्ृुंगीति िद्ववषर् ्॥
Tuber which causes nostril bleeding when it is come in contact with pashu.
It appears cow udder and is light in weight.
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65. B. Shweta shrungi
श्वेतश्ुंगुं तवजािीयत् प्रायशः श्वेतश्ुंगवत्।
श्ुंतगकतमव तत् र्ग्धम् रञ्जयतत गवाुं खल॥
It looks like white horn or hood of sarpa. It makes cow to yield red colour milk.
C. Mesha shrungi
आतवकश्ृुंगतल्यो यो मेषश्ृुंगी स कथ्यते।
श्ृुंतगकतमव तर्् र्ग्धम् रञ्जयतत गवाुं खल॥
It resembles horns of avi. It also makes a cow yield milk of blood red colour if it is tied up with its horns.
According to Rasendra chintamani and Ayurvedaprakasha
Shweta shrungika
गोश्ृुंगवर््तद्वधा श्ृगी श्वेतः स्यार्् बरररन्तरे|
[७।१०]
Which resembles horns of cow.
White in colour from both outside and inside.
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66. Mesha shrungi
मेषश्ृुंगाकृततः कन्र्ो मेषश्ृुंगीतत कीत्यदते। [14]
 Tuber which looks like horns of mesha.
Rakta shrungi
गोश्ृुंगाग्रेऽथ सुंतक्षप्ते िासयासृक्क्प्रवतदते।
कन्र्ो लघगोस्तिवद्रक्तश्ृुंगीतत ततद्वषम्॥ [17]
 Tubers which causes bleeding in nostrils when it is tied to pashu.
 It is laghu and looks like cow udder.
According to rasendra chudamani
Here Acharya mentioned shrungi in mahavisha varga.
पवदतेऽश्मसमद्भूता गोकण्ठाकृततकन्र्यक्।
क्षता मञ्चतत सा क्षीरुं गोश्ृुंगी रसबतन्धिी॥ [६।२३]
 Tuber which is originated on hills and rocks, and resembles horns of cow. Tuber oozes milk like substance when we cut it. It is
used in parada bandhana.
According to rasamanjari
घिुं गररष्टुं तिबबडुं श्ृुंगाकरुं ि श्ृुंगकर््। [4/6]
Thick, large and resembles horns.
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67. Types of shrungi
Sl.n
o
Type of
shrungi
rasarnava rasasara Rasendra
.
chuda
Ra.ja.ni Ra.man Ra.chint Ayu.pra R.r.s;Ra.t
1. Shrungi + + _ + + + + +
2. Shveta shrungi _ _ _ + _ + + _
3. Rakta shrungi _ + _ + _ + + _
4. Meshashrungi _ _ _ + _ + + _
5. Goshrungi _ _ + _ _ _ _ _
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68. Visha shodhana
According to rasajalanidhi, rasendrachintamani, rasachintaamani, yogatarangini
1st type
कततदतुं चणकप्रायुं तवषुं सुंरक्ष्य भाजिे।
तर गोमूरकुं तक्षप्त्वा प्रत्यहुं तित्यिूतिुं।
शोषयेत् तरतर्िार्ूदध्वं धृत्वा तीव्रातपे ततः।
चूतणदतुं तत् प्रयञ्जीत गातलतुं वाससा तवषम्।
[7/3 khanda]
Cut into pieces of the size chanaka and immerse them in gomutra for 3 days and later dry under sunshade.
Make into pwder and collect it.
2nd type
र्ोलायाुं तरफलक्क्वाथे छागीक्षीरे तर्वातिशम्।
पातचतुं शतिमायतत कन्र्ाख्यम् शभर्ुं तवषम्॥
Swedana of visha using dolayantra in triphala kwatha and chaga ksheera of 24 hrs .
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69. According to Ayurveda prakasha
Acharya explained 1st method of shodhana as other classics.
2. He also explained shodhana of visha dravya when suryaatapa is not available.
कृत्वा चणकवत्स्थूलि् तवषभागुंस्त स्वेर्येत्।
गोर्ग्धे घतटका पञ्च शतिमायतत ततद्वषम्॥
[६।५२]
Make into chanaka matra pieces and boil them in cow milk for 5 ghatis.
3. खण्डीकृत्य तवष वस्त्रपररबिुं त र्ोलया। अजा पयतस सुंतस्वन्िुं यामतः शतिमाप्ियात्॥
क्षीराभावे ह्यजायास्त गव्यक्षीरेण योजयेत्। जायते र्ोषतिमदक्तुं तवषुं योगेष योजयेत्॥
[६।५७-५८]
Swedana with aja ksheera or gavya ksheera for one yama using dolayantra and pottali.
According to rasendra sarasangraha
अथवा तत्रफलाक्क्वाथे तवषुं शध्यतत पातञ्चतम्।
र्ोलायाुं तरफलक्क्वाथे छागक्षीरे च पातचतम्॥ [१।३८१]
Swedana in triphala kwatha and chaga ksheera.
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70. Visha marana.
According to Ayurveda prakasha, Rasakamadhenu, rasendra saarasangraha
1. समटुंकण सतम्पष्टम् ततद्वषुं मृतमच्यते।
योजयेत् सवदरोगेष ि तवकारुं करोतत तत्॥
[7/3 khanda]
Shudha visha is rubbed with tankana in the marana process.
Marita visha can be used to cure sarvaroga.
2. तल्येि टुंकणेिैव तद्वगणेिोषणेि च।
तवषुं सुंयोतजतम् शिुं मृतुं भवतत सवदथा।
[६।६१]
Equal quantity of visha and tankana
2 parts of maricha
Mardana of above said ingredients.
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71. Reference of karavira, vijaya, haridra, shrungi, sourashtrika in classics
Sl.no Upavisha
nama
R.T Rasarnva R.Chi R.R.s Ra.Chu Ra.Sa.Sa A.P Y.R
1. Karavira + + + + + + + +
2. Vijaya + - - + + - (+) -
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Upavisha (Karavira, Vijaya)
Mahavisha (Haridra, Shrungi, Sourashtrika)
Nama Ra Ra.Chi Ra.Chu Ra.Ma Ra.Ta Ra.Ra.Sa A.P R.K R.J.N Ra.Sa
Haridra - + + + + + + + + +
Shrungi + + + + + + + + + +
Sourashtrika - - - - + - - + - -

72. Discussion
• There is no direct reference about term vijaya as medicine in the veda. However the name Soma
and vijaya provided a basis for debate for many authors regarding the existence of vijaya in
Vedic period.
• On the basis of synonym we came to know about flowers which are dioecious and blooms in
bunches. (samvida manjari, matulani).
• Though mythologically Vijaya is said to be originated from amrita spilled from the hand of Lord
Shiva, It is considered as Upavisha.
• Ayurveda prakasha did not include Vijaya in Visha or Upavisha considering it as anischita.
• Few of our Acharyas have mentioned shodhana of karavira though it is used only for external
uses. Is shodhana is required for karavira for external use also?
• In rasendra chudamani karavira is explained under Divyoushadhi varga.
• Shrungi is mentioned in Mahavisha varga in rasendra chudamani but explained as divyoushadhi.
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73. Conclusion
• Upavishas can be used as oushadhi, potency enhancer as bhavana dravya, if it is purified in
proper way and in specific matra.
• Upavishas, and mahavishas are used mainly for parada karma (rasa bandha, shodhana etc.)
• Karavira is used for external uses only in most of the classics.
• There are 210 Bhanga formulations out of which 193 are for internal administration and 17 for
external.
• There detailed explanation of vijaya, its utpatti, bheda, paryaya, method of collection,
vijayakalpa, vikara and chikitsa in the text Anandakanda.
• There is a synonym for haaridra as Vairata because It was available in virata nagara .
• There is no much explanation about mahavisha in classics. And also mahavisha are not available
in present days.
• Vishopavisha dravyas are very tikshna, vyavayi in property hence Vaidya should be careful in
prescribing it. One should use his yukti to use them.
• It is fatal though it is shodhita and given in large dose.
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74. Thank you
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