1. Cellular Pathology “All organ injuries start with structural or molecular alterations in cells” concept began by Virchow in 1800's.

2. NORMAL CELL

3. NORMAL CELL present day study of disease attempts to understand how cells react to injury. at the subcellular or molecular level.

4. NORMAL CELL all cells share the basic organelles for the synthesis of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates; energy production. transport of ions and other substances. to understand pathology, review normal structure and function of cells. “you cannot appreciate the abnormal before you understand the normal”

5. Plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins / glycoproteins / glycolipids. semipermeable membrane with pumps for ionic / osmotic homeostasis

6. Nucleus nuclear envelope / nuclear pores chromatin (euchromatinvsheterochromatin) nucleolus (synthesis of ribosomal RNA)

7. Mitochondria inner & outer membranes, cristae intermembranousand inner matrix compartments oxidative phosphorylation (main source of ATP)

8. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER),Ribosomes & Golgi Apparatus rough (RER) vs smooth (SER) endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes(free in cytosol or attached to RER) polysomes(threaded by mRNA). condensing vacuoles / secretoryvesicles

9. Lysosome enzymatic (acid hydrolases) digestion of materials in the cell endocytosis phagocytosis/ phagosome; pinocytosis / pinocytotic vesicle; receptor-mediated endocytosis

10. Peroxisome enzymes (egcatalase, oxidases) ! metabolism of hydrogen peroxide & fatty acid

11. CELL ADAPTATION, CELL INJURY and CELL DEATH DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Homeostasis : cells are able to maintain normal structure and function (eg ion balance, pH, energy metabolism) in response to normal physiologic demands.

12. Cellular Adaptation as cells encounter stresses, either excessive physiologic demand or some pathologic stimuli, they may make functional or structural adaptations to maintain viability / homeostasis.

13. Cellular Adaptation cells may respond to these stimuli by either increasing or decreasing their content of specific organelles. adaptive processes: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia are forms of adaptation.

15. Cell Injury if the limits of adaptive response are exceeded, or in certain instances when adaptation is not possible, a sequence of events called cell injury occurs.

16. Cell Injury a) Reversible Cell Injury removal of stress will result in complete structural and functional integrity to be restored.

17. Cell Injury -> Cell Death Irreversible Cell Injury / Cell Death if stimulus persists (or severe enough from the start) the cell will suffer irreversible cell injury and death. cell death is one of the most crucial events in pathology and can affect any type of cell.

19. Cell Death Necrosis: type of cell death characterized by severe membrane injury and enzymatic degradation; always a pathologic process. Apoptosis: regulated form of cell death; can be physiologic or pathologic process.