1. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES May.14.2010

3. 2.7% - Ice.

4. 0.3 -Fresh water.

5. A water molecule is an irregular , slightly skewed tetrahedron with oxygen at its center.O H H

6. (3 or 2 also)

7. LEWIS STRUCTURE OF A WATER MOLECULE • • • O H • H H • • + + H Covalent bond A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms. • O O • • • • • • • • • • • • • H H The approximate shape and charge distribution of water.

8. THE DIPLOE NAUTRE OF A WATER MOLECULE.

9. HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The oxygen atoms are shown in blue.

10. RELATIVE BOND ENERTY (ionic) Bond strength increases left to right.

12. Actively participates in chemical reactions.

13. Serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids glucose, and other small molecules.

14. Serves as a lubricant and cushion around joints.

15. Acts as a shock absorber(eyes, spinal column, amniotic sac)

17. DAILY WATER BALANCE Daily Balance of Water Intake and Production in Sedentary Healthy Adults In a Temperate Climate At least 500 ml of urine per day is required just to excrete urea, creatinine, and other Solutes. Insensible losses from the skin and from the lungs can occur even when resting at normal room temperature.

18. FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS Fluid between the cells (intercellular or interstitial) Cell membrane Nucleus ICF Blood vessel

19. FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS Water occupies two main fluid compartments. Intracellular fluid (ICF) – about two thirds by volume, contained in cells Extracellular fluid (ECF) – consists of two major subdivisions Plasma – the fluid portion of the blood Interstitial fluid (IF) – fluid in spaces between cells Other ECF – lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions.

21. Extracellular fluids are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma)

22. Sodium is the chief cation

23. Chloride is the major anion

24. Intracellular fluids have low sodium and chloride

25. Potassium is the chief cation

27. ELECTROLYTES Nucleus The major components of plasma, intestitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. Crosshatching refers to other or minor components. Pr- , anionic proteins.

28. WATER DISORDERS Dehydration (loss of water) Edema(accumulation of water) Atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling.

30. DEHYDRATION Cells lose H2O to ECF by osmosis; cells shrink 3 ECF osmotic pressure rises 2 Excessive loss of H2O from ECF 1 Mechanism of dehydration

31. BODY FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES Electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium. Potassium Chloride Bicarbonate Help keep fluids in proper compartments. -Intracellular water -Extracellular water

32. NORMAL VALUE mmol/L

34. Sodium salts:

35. Account for 90-95% of all solutes in the ECF

36. Sodium is the single most abundant cation in the ECF

37. Sodium is the only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure

38. Changes in plasma sodium levels affect:

39. Plasma volume, blood pressure

41. Accounts for 90 - 95% of osmolarity of ECF

42. Na+- K+ pump

43. exchanges intracellular Na+ for extracellular K+

44. creates gradient for co-transport of other solutes (glucose)

45. generates heat

47. plasma sodium > 145 mmol/L

48. from IV saline

49. water retension, hypertension and edema

50. Hyponatremia

51. plasma sodium < 136 mmol/L

53. Determines intracellular osmolarity

54. Membrane potentials (with sodium)

56. DCT and cortical portion of collecting duct secrete K+ in response to blood levels

59. most abundant anions in ECF

60. Stomach acid

61. required in formation of HCl

62. Chloride shift

63. CO2 loading and unloading in RBC’s

64. pH

66. Is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

68. OSMOSIS When immersed in water, raisins get plump because water moves toward the higher concentration of sugar inside the raisins.

69. When sprinkled with salt, vegetables “sweat” because water moves toward the higher concentration of salt outside the eggplant.

71. Is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

72. IF A SOLUTION IS ISOTONIC

73. The concentration of solutes is the same as it is inside the cell, and water will move in and out of the cell at the same rate

74. IF A SOLUTION IS HYPERTONIC

75. The concentration of solutes is greater than it is inside the cell, and the cell will lose water

76. IF A SOLUTION IS HYPOTONIC

78. 有難う御座ます。