There are two main types of articulation disorders: functional and organic. Functional disorders are caused by faulty learning when physical structures appear normal. Organic disorders have a physical cause like damage to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, or oral structures. Some organic disorders include apraxia of speech, dysarthria, cerebral palsy, cleft palate, and degenerative neurological diseases. Apraxia of speech and dysarthria affect coordination of speech sounds and prosody. Cerebral palsy and cleft palate can impact respiration, phonation, articulation, and language development.

1. ARTICULATION DISORDERS
1.FUNCTIONAL
2.ORGANIC

2. Functional Articulation Disorders
 When structure, hearing and all
observable physical systems appear to
be normal ,the articulatory problem is
termed as FUNCTIONAL in nature,and
its origin attributed to faulty learning.
Most articulation disorders are
considered to be of this type.

3. Organic Articulatory Disorders
 If the cause of defective utterance is
related to a structural deformity or
physical defect ,the articulatory problem
is classified as ORGANIC in nature.

4.  Organic articulation disorders arise due
to damage to the speech
mechanism….damage may be
 A..to the CNS
 B..to the peripheral nervous system
 C..to the structure of oral mechanism

5. Some Organic Disorders
 1.Apraxia of speech
 2.Dysartheria
 3.Cerebral palsy
 4.Cleft palate
 5.Degenerative Neurological Disease

6. APRAXIA OF SPEECH
Definition; defined as,
 “A sensory motor speech disorder”
OR
 “An articulatory programming
problem
 Problem at the level of articulatory pla-
-nning.’

7. Etiology / Cause
Some insult to brain like;
 1. stroke
 2. infections
 3. tumors
 4. trauma
Site of lesion ;Broca’s area.

8. Speech Characteristics
 1. Inability to coordinate
phonation,rate,& or stress.
 2 .Articulatory struggle
 3. Pt shows awareness of his
difficulty,some pts will get disgusted &
give up with a gesture of “ forget it”.
 4. Errors increases as the length of
sentence increase.

9.  5.The articulatory errors are
inconsistent & vary among
substitutions,repetitions,prolongations,a
dditions.
 6. Some times the errered word is
articulated after the correct word
(bottle---bobble)
 7.Errors in articulation of consonants &
changes in normal patterns of prosody

10.  8.Innitial consonants are more difficult
than final consonant.
 9. Articulatory errors increases as the
length & complexity of utterence
increases.
 10. Most difficulty is on the utterence
of consonants.
 11. Of single consonants fricative and
affricate phonemes evoke the most
errors.

11.  12. At times perfect articulation
present particularly when these are
highly practiced utterences (Hi! How are
you?, Fine.What’s going on? Where
have you been?”
 13. Patients articulate more easily
when they can watch a highly visible
word being pronounced by the clinician.

12. DEVELOPMENTAL APRAXIA
OF SPEECH
Definition;
 “Apraxia of speech in children is
called DEVELOPMENTAL Apraxia of
speech”.

13. SPEECH & OTHER CHARECTERISTICS
 1.Apraxia of speech +high incidence of
an accompanying oral apraxia
 2.Efforts at immitation marked by
struggle & groping responses from the
articulators.

14.  3. Unusual substitutions &
distortions(two or more feature errors …
m/s , t/f.
 4.Other than speech features,
Difficulty in fine motor skills
Oral sensory deficits
Language problems( expressive
skills.

15. DYSARTHRIA
 Definition;
“Disorder of phonation,
articulation,resonation & prosody which occur
either single or in combination as a result of
weakness,incoordination, & or abnormalities
in the tone of the muscles of the speech
mechanism & are due to impairmentof the
central nervous system,peripheral nervous
system or both”.

16.  Speech charecteristics;
Generally the speech charecteristics of
dysarthria fall into the areas of
phonation,
resonation,respiration,articulation &
prosody.

17. Etiology /cause
1. cerebrovascular insult
2.head trauma
3.degenerative diseases
4.tumors
5.cerebral infections
6.toxic conditions

18. Types of Dysarthria & speech characteristics
 1.Flaccid Dysarthria
a. weakness & decreased muscle
tone.
b.hypernasality,imprecise consona-
-nts,monopitch,nasal emission,
breathiness & audible inspiration.

19.  2.Spastic Dysarthria
a.Weakness ,limited range of movem-
-ent,spasticity,reduced diadochokin-
-etic rate.
b. Imprecise articulation,reduced rate,
low pitch,harsh voice,strained & str-
angulated phonation,affected pros-
-ody.

20.  3.Ataxic dysarthria
a.Reduced muscle tone & tremors.
Slow inaccurate ,irregular move-
-ments
b. Imprecise articulation,prosodic
abnormality.(slow rate,excess &
equal stress,monoloudness,
monopitch & prolonged syllables.)

21.  4.Hypokinetic Dysarthria
a.Muscle function for speech & other
motor movements slow & limited in
range & mobility.
b. Speech is monotone, monoloudn-
-ess,reduced stress &imprecise ar-
-ticulation,rapid short bursts of spe-
-ch,inappropriate silences.

22.  5.Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
a.Quick Form; movements are qui-
-ck,random & include involuntary
movements.
b.Speech pattern is imprecise cons-
-onants,prolong intervals,voice
stoppages,limited pitch variations,
harshness,vowel distortion,hyper-

23. -nasality.
a.Slow form;movements are slow & sus-
-tained.
b. Speech characteristics include harsh
voice,strain-strangled voice,monopitch,
monoloudness,unplanned variation in
loudness.

24.  6.Mixed dysarthria
presents picture of all types of
dysarthria.

25. CEREBRAL PALSY
 Definition;
“It is a developmental non progressive
disability characterized by disorders of
movements &/or posture,usually
accompanied by sensory,cognitive &
behavior problems.”

26. Cerebral palsy is a spectrum of
disabilities including abnormal
 motor and sensory functions,
 perceptual dysfunctions,
 intellectual
 cognitive deficits & difficulties in
hearing,speech,language , adjustment
,learning & vision.

27. ETIOLOGY /CAUSE
 Prenatal:Infections,rh
factor,hemorrhage,anoxia.
 Perinatal:Anoxia, trauma.
 Postnatal:Trauma,infections.

28.  a.Respiration.phonation,resonation
are
affected
 Impaired chewing,sucking & swal-
-lowing
 b. Developmental dysarthria & Apraxia
of speech present.

29. CLEFT PALATE
 DEFINITION;
Cleft palate is a structural anomaly that can affect the
tissues,muscles and bony processes of lips,alveolar
process,hard palate,soft palate and uvula.
 variations of a type of clefting congenital deformity caused
by abnormal facial development during gestation
 Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the skull
that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not
completely joined. The soft palate is in these cases cleft as
well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.

30.  ETIOLOGY / CAUSE
Trauma,malnutrition,drugs,viral
infections & genetic cause.

31. Speech characteristics;
fall into the areas of Resonation,Pho-
-nation & articulation.
 RESONATION
Hypernasality esp of plosives,affricates
and fricatives.

32. ARTICULATION (decreased intraoral
pressure)
 Stops (p,b,t,d,k,g)
 Fricatives(s,z,sh,zh)
 Affricates (ch,j)
Their production is weak or distort-
-ed.

33. ARTICULATION (Dental occlusion
abnormalities)
 Bilabials(p,b,m)
 Labio dentals (f,v)
 Linguadental
 Lingua alveolar

34. PHONATION
 Decreased loudness,breathy & weak
voice.

35.  THANK YOU