1. C.A DOXIADIS
PRESENTATION REFLECTING THE
THEORIES AND PROJECTS OF:
PRESENTED BY :
AMY
M.ARCH SEM -1

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION :
TIMELINE AND CAREER
THEORIES :
EKISTIC- THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
ANCIENT GREEK SETTLEMENT
EKISTIC AND REGIONAL SCIENCE
MAN CITY AND AUTOMOILE
MAN AND SPACE AROUND HIM
ECUMENPOLIS
DEATH OF OUR CITIES
PROJECT OF C.A DOXIADIUS

PUBLICATIONS – BOOKS
REFERENCES
Objective of presentation :
Understanding the theories and their applicability of urban designer in his projects .

3. GRADUATED:
Doxiadis graduated in architectural engineering from the
Technical University of Athens in 1935, obtaining a
doctorate from Charlottenburg University (today
Technical University of Berlin) a year later.
In 1937 ---He was appointed Chief Town Planning Officer
for the Greater Athens Area. During World War II he held
the post of Head of the Department of Regional and
Town Planning in the Ministry of Public Works.
IN 1950---He distinguished himself as Minister of
Reconstruction at the end of the war and it was this
experience that allowed him in to gain large housing
contracts in dozens of countries.
In 1951 ---He founded Doxiadis Associates, a private
firm of consulting engineers, which grew rapidly until it
had offices on five continents and projects in 40
countries.
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis (4 May 1914 – 28 June 1975),
was a Greek architectand town planner. He became known as the
lead architect of Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan, and later as
the father of Ekistics.
INTRODUCTION
LIFE --TIMELINE AND CAREER
Doxiadis was honored in 1965 by
Industrial Designers Society of America
(IDSA) with a Special Award for notable
results, creative and innovative concepts.

4. THEORIES OF DOXIADIUS
EKISTICS, THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
This science, termed Ekistics, will take into
consideration
•the principles man takes into
account when building his settlements, as well
• as the evolution of human settlements through
history in terms of size and quality.
• The target is to build the city of optimum size, that
is, a city which
respects human dimensions.
• Since there is no point in resisting development, we
should try to accommodate
technological evolution and the needs of man
within the same settlement.
From Science, v.170, no.3956, October 1970, p. 393-404: 21 fig.
ACC TO DOXIADIS
In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically
develop a science of human settlements.
Probable validity of the forces
of
ekistics synthesis: 1-gravity; 2-
biological;
3-physiological; 4-social; 5-
movement;
6-inner structure; 7-external
structure;
8-growth; 9-organization; 10-
geographical.

5. ANCIENT GREEK SETTLEMENTS
•In order to understand the
relationships between man and space,
we have to make a hypothesis that each
settlement is part of a hierarchical system.
•The "village" is
the basic settlement which directly links
man with space.
From Ekistics, v.31, no.182, January 1971, p. 4-21: 21 fig.
Evolution in time took place
according to a hierarchical
pyramid which is based on a fairly
standard ratio between the basic
settlements and a larger city.
Basis of development of ekistics theory
Man's elementary
relation to
space
Man's relation to space:
effect of
natural forces
Man's relation to space:
effect of
social and cultural forces
EKISTICS AND REGIONAL SCIENCE
Ekistics and regional science are two disciplines
which cover similar subjects, that is,
human settlements and regions respectively.
•Ekistics and regional science combine technology
and art .
•Regional science can be seen as the extension
of geography whereas Ekistics as the extension of
urban geography.
Since in the future we are moving
towards the creation of a universal city
(Ecumenopolis) where a much higher percentage
of the surface of the earth will be covered by
human settlements, we need systematic methods in
order to understand and guide this expansion

6. MAN CITY AND AUTOMOBILE
In future cities, new types of neighborhoods need to
be constructed which will be served but not crossed by
automobiles, and where there will be no wasted land
but as many green areas as possible.
The immediate goal is to recreate the cells of urban
life on a human scale,
while the ultimate goal is to separate permanently all
roads for automobiles and those for people to different
levels on the ground.
From High Speed Ground Transportation Journal, v.3, no.1,
January 1969, p. 1-13: 9 fig.
We must build the city of man in such a way as will give to each one of
us the maximum number of choices. .
MAN AND THE SPACE AROUND
HIM
In the past, man lived in several scales: in part he lived
in his personal scale, that is, by himself; in part, with
his family; in part, with his immediate neighbours.
His participation in the life of people beyond his
city was very small, and his meetings with other
nationals were very often limited to the battlefield.
Modern technology has the power
to bring men together but
it can also separate them with
unforeseen barriers.

7. Ecumenopolis: Tomorrow’s City
Humanity has never before had to deal with such
forces of change as exist at present, in technology
and population growth.
Currently, we are building the wrong cities for the
future, wasting and spoiling natural resources and
allowing man to lose his importance inside the cities
due to traffic and pollution.
The cities of the future will be extra-human in
dimension, therefore our task is to create them as a
web of many communities with human dimensions.
Such cities will finally be interconnected in one
continuous network, the Ecumenopolis, which will
retain its human content despite its size.
In these cities, man will have more time to spend in
education and leisure rather than in transportation.
Preston in
Lancashire
presents
the
confusion
created by
the random
developme
nt of cities
in the 19th
century.
The landscape of
the modern city
is
becoming extra-
human, even
inhuman.
The "Dynapolis" idea of C. A.
Doxiadis.(A city that has a constant
growth in its' dimentions).

8. DEATH OF OUR CITIES
During the last four decades, many changes
have taken place which have created a deterioration of
conditions in human cities.
Three big events are responsible for these changes.
These are: an
unprecedented increase of population, the socialization
encompassing all political systems and social classes
and the emergence of the machine in our lives.
The aim is to orientate
ourselves to a new conception of the city and of the
policies prevailing the growth of the city. Modern cities
should accommodate the machine to the benefit of man.
He also coined the term
‘Entopia’, which refers to an
ideal city– a place which, in
his own words, ''satisfies the
dreamer and is acceptable
to the scientist, a place
where the projections of
the artist and the builder
merge

9. EKISTIC--DOXIADIUS
The term Ekistics was coined Doxiadis in 1942.
Applies to the science of human settlements.
Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS
•MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN
POTENTIALS -Unity of Purpose
•MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS -Hierarchy
of Functions
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S
PROTECTIVE SPACE -Four dimensions
•OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S
RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT
Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human
habitation and seeks to learn from the archeological
and historical record by looking not only at great cities,
but, as much as possible, at the total settlement
pattern.
BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
•Homogeneous parts-fields;
•Central parts-built-up villages;
•Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and
•Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
By Ekistics Units
•By Ekistics Elements
•By Ekistics Functions
•By Evolutionary Phases
•By Factors & Disciplines

10. The figure below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at which time he
estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
Phase1: Primitive non-organised
human settlements (started with
evolution of man)
Phase2 :Primitive organised
settlements-ECopolis
(periodofvillageslasted10,000years
)
Phase3: Static urban settlements
or cities-Polis
(lastedabout5,000to6,000years)
Phase 4: Dynamic urban
settlements-Dynapolis
(lasted200to400years)
Phase5: UniversalCity-
Ecumenopolis (which is now
beginning)
NEED TO BALANCE ELEMENTS OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
We are dealing by necessity with:
•Nature, which is being spoilt;
•Man, who is continuously changing;
•Society, which is changing because of
man’ snewneeds;
•Shells, which must be constructed;
•Networks, which are also changing to
cope up with new demands.

11. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL
Islamabad, the new Capital of Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates
in the late 1950s, is now a fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants, forming, together with the
adjacent old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area (Greater Islamabad/Rawalpindi
Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants.
The greater area of the
capital, the metropolitan
area, has been planned
for a
future population of
about 2,500,000
inhabitants within a
period of two
generations.
 Capital of pakistan and 10th
largest city in world
 Located on pothohar plateau
 Built during 1960 to replace
karachi
 Most developed city and
divied into sectors and
zones
The Landscape Pattern
and the Highways
The backbone of the
Islamabad Metropolitan
Area Master Plan is
formed by two highways,
Islamabad Highway and
Murree Highway, the
alignment of which was
dictated by the natural
landscape pattern and the
existing man made
Formation of the Metropolitan
Area
The principal system of axes in
the metropolitan area of
islamabad defines three
distinctive areas:
a. the area of Islamabad proper.
b. the area of Rawalpindi, the
center of which is the city of
Rawalpindi.
c. the National Park area which
will retain certain agricultural
functions for several years and
where sites
must be provided for a national
sports center, the national
university, national research
institute, etc.

12. Dynametropolis
Islamabad will be the capital of the nation and will
serve mainly administrative and cultural functions.
Rawalpindi will
remain the regional center serving industrial and
commercial functions.
It has been designed
on the basis of the ideal city of the future and to form
a dyna-metropolis.
Each is planned to develop dynamically
towards the south-west, their center cores growing
simultaneously and together with their residential and
other functions

13. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL

14. ISLAMABAD-- TODAY

15. Some of the evidence explored in this research
could be considered
as circumstantial or hypothetical because of
the lack of direct evidence
but the research provides a basis for a
continuing dialogue amongst
World Society for Ekistics members with a
consideration of other antecedents.
The following individuals and a group provide
examples
of likely influences on Doxiadis’ thinking. They
are:
1.Sir Patrick Geddes
2.Le Corbusier as a key figure in the CIAM
organization
3.Team 10
The influences from the selected ideas of antecedents to the thinking of
Doxiadius

16. Aspra Spitia is a small settlement planned by Doxiadis Associates for the company
"Aluminion de Grece" tohouse industrial workers and personnel employed at itsnearby
aluminum plant.
Aspra Spitia (modern Greek for "White Houses"), situated on the coast of the Corinthian Gulf
about one hour's drive from Delphi, was designed for a projected population of5,000. The
program proposed the construction of a totalof 1,100 dwellings, including one and two-storey
houses ,bachelor apartments, stores and shops, a customs house ,a school and recreational and
other facilities.
ASPRA SPITIA– DOXIADUS
A simple,
strong and
"primitive"
architecture
composed of
natural, local
materials,
which the
people could
add to with
flower pots
and pergolas,
rather than a
modern
These thoughts are reflected in the general plan of
the town: on the L-shaped site (the short leg of
which is b ordered by the sea, while the long one is
flanked by two hills) four neighborhoods were
created, each surrounded by a peripheral road and
penetrated by culs-de-sac inselected locations only.
The aim of DA'splanners was to create a sequence of spaces in which
scale, form and character would follow the sequence of importance of

17. In April 1959, Doxiadis Associates were commissioned by
the University to undertake the design work of the project. On the 16th of May an
agreement was signed.
The problem presented to Doxiadis Associates by this highly cultural region with a
deep-rooted tradition was one of the most complex ever handled by this office.
Doxiadis was involved in the design of this new campus
in Pakistan and used ekistic principles to create a
campus he believed was built for true "human scale.
" Doxiadis limited the number of roads on campus,
banning them from the classroom areas. All the
educational buildings are interconnected to permit
people to walk from one to the other. Courtyards provide
a place for meetings between people.
a. a partial and progressive materialization of buildings and services;
b. the transformation of traditional skills and experiences (as in
construction) into contemporary techniques;
c. the preservation of the true essence of traditional
patterns; d. the climate, site conditions, etc.
UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

18. Architectural Space in Ancient Greece
In his book, Doxiadis' view of the
architectural and urban past of ancient
Greece approximates to the urban
thinking of the great moderns of the inter-
War period.
The encounter revolved around the
prospect of formulating the principles
of contemporary urbanism as applied in
theory and practice, and as they were
projected onto the city of the future.
Architecture in Transition
In Architecture in Transition, his book for a
wider public, Constantinos A. Doxiadis
anticipates most of his later
preoccupations: with the problems
caused by massive urbanization; the
revolution of rising expectations; and
an architecture all too often elitist in its
outlook and unprepared for its new role in
a rapidly changing world.
EKISTICS
In this book, Doxiadis
proposes ekistics as a
science of human
settlements and outlines its
scope, aims, intellectual
framework and relevance
However, ekistics aims to
encompass all scales of
human habitation and
seeks to learn from the
archeological and historical
record by looking not only at
great cities, but, as much as
PUBLICATIONS– DOXIADUS

19. REFERENCES
http://www.doxiadis.org/
http://archive.doxiadis.org/ViewStaticPage
2.aspx?valueId=4321
http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/539034-
we-do-not-learn-only-from-great-minds-we-
learn