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EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
• PHARMACOLOGY is the science which deals
with study of drugs
EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY: deals with
effect of various pharmacological agents studied
on different animal species
Aim and Objective
• Find out the therapeutic agent suitable for
human use
• Study the toxicity of the drugs
• Study the mechanism and site of action of
drugs
Laboratory animals
• Breaded and handled in laboratory
• Mice
• Rat
• Rabbit
• Guinea pig
• Rabbits
Rats
• Species: Rattus norvegicus
• Wister strain is commonly used
• Other strains –
ADVANTAGES AND CHARACTERISTICS
• small in size
• drug to be tested required in small quantity
• Vomiting center is absent – oral administration
can be done
• gall bladder and tonsils are absent
• Continuous flow of bile into intestine
• This facilitates the study of the drugs acting on
bile, cholesterol reabsorbing
• pancreas are diffused therefore difficult to
produce panereactomy
• stomach, fundus and pyloric parts are clear lining
between them
• Gastric acid secretion is continuous
EXPERIMENTAL USES OF RATS
• Psychopharmacological studies
• study of analgesics and anticonvulsants
• bioassay of various hormones, such as insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin
• Study of menstrual cycle, mating behaviour and lactation
• isolated tissue pre’s
• chronic study
• Gastric acid secretion
• hepatotoxicity studies
• study on mast cells
Mice
• Swiss albino mice are commonly used species
ADVANTAGES
• Smallest
• Easy to handle
• Cheap
• Less drug required
EXPERIMENTAL USES OF MICE
• toxicological studies
• teratogenicity studies
• bioassay of insulin’ screening of analgesic and anticonvulsant
• Screening of chemotherapeutic agents
• •studies related to genetics and cancer research
• •drugs action on CNS
Frog
• Most commonly used in
physiology, pharmacology and
toxicoloty
• Used before 200 years
• Amphibian animal safe to handle
•Cannot breed in lab
EXPERIMENTAL USES
• Isolated preparations, heart, rectus abdominis
muscle
• Drugs acting on CNS
• Drugs acting on NMJ
GUINEA PIGS ( CAVIA PORCELLUS )
• Docile (obedient) animals
• Highly susceptible to TB and anaphylaxis
• Highly sensitive to histamine, penicillin
• Required exogenous Vitamin C in diet
EXPERIMENTAL USES
• evaluation of bronchodilators
• anaphylactic and immunological studies
• study of histamine and antihistamines
• bioassay of digitalis
• evaluation of local anesthetics
• hearing experiments because of sensitive cochlea
• Isolated tissues especially ileum, heart
• study on TB and ascorbic acid metabolism
RABBITS (Lupas cuniculus)
• Docile animal
• New Zealand white strains are widely used
• it has huge caceum and long appendix
• enzyme atropine esterase is present in rabbit
liver and plasma so it can tolerate large doses
of belladona (atropine)
EXPERIMENTAL USES
• Pyrogen testing
• Bioassay of anti-diabetic, curareform drugs and sex hormones
• Screening of agents affecting capillary permeability
• Drugs used in glaucoma
• Pharmacokinetic studies
• Studies related to antifertility agents
• Isolated preparations like heart, duodenum, ileum, pre’s
• Study on local anaestetics
• Study on miotic and mydratics
GE NE RAL ANAESTHESIA FOR
LABORATORY ANIMALS
As with human subjects, general anaesthesia can
be induced by intravenous or inhalational
methods.
The intraperitoneal route is often employed in
those animals with poor veins.
Intravenous/ intraperitoneal anesthetic
• Barbiturates
Pentobarbitone, Thiopentone
• Non-barbiturate drugs
Urethane, Ketamine, phencyclidine, chloralose
• Inhalational anesthetics
– Halothane,

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Experimental Animals used in Pharmacology and Toxicology

  • 2. • PHARMACOLOGY is the science which deals with study of drugs
  • 3. EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY: deals with effect of various pharmacological agents studied on different animal species
  • 4. Aim and Objective • Find out the therapeutic agent suitable for human use • Study the toxicity of the drugs • Study the mechanism and site of action of drugs
  • 5. Laboratory animals • Breaded and handled in laboratory • Mice • Rat • Rabbit • Guinea pig • Rabbits
  • 7. • Species: Rattus norvegicus • Wister strain is commonly used • Other strains –
  • 8. ADVANTAGES AND CHARACTERISTICS • small in size • drug to be tested required in small quantity • Vomiting center is absent – oral administration can be done • gall bladder and tonsils are absent
  • 9. • Continuous flow of bile into intestine • This facilitates the study of the drugs acting on bile, cholesterol reabsorbing • pancreas are diffused therefore difficult to produce panereactomy • stomach, fundus and pyloric parts are clear lining between them • Gastric acid secretion is continuous
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. EXPERIMENTAL USES OF RATS • Psychopharmacological studies • study of analgesics and anticonvulsants • bioassay of various hormones, such as insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin • Study of menstrual cycle, mating behaviour and lactation • isolated tissue pre’s • chronic study • Gastric acid secretion • hepatotoxicity studies • study on mast cells
  • 14. Mice
  • 15. • Swiss albino mice are commonly used species
  • 16. ADVANTAGES • Smallest • Easy to handle • Cheap • Less drug required
  • 17.
  • 18. EXPERIMENTAL USES OF MICE • toxicological studies • teratogenicity studies • bioassay of insulin’ screening of analgesic and anticonvulsant • Screening of chemotherapeutic agents • •studies related to genetics and cancer research • •drugs action on CNS
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Frog
  • 23. • Most commonly used in physiology, pharmacology and toxicoloty • Used before 200 years • Amphibian animal safe to handle •Cannot breed in lab
  • 24. EXPERIMENTAL USES • Isolated preparations, heart, rectus abdominis muscle • Drugs acting on CNS • Drugs acting on NMJ
  • 25. GUINEA PIGS ( CAVIA PORCELLUS )
  • 26. • Docile (obedient) animals • Highly susceptible to TB and anaphylaxis • Highly sensitive to histamine, penicillin • Required exogenous Vitamin C in diet
  • 27. EXPERIMENTAL USES • evaluation of bronchodilators • anaphylactic and immunological studies • study of histamine and antihistamines • bioassay of digitalis • evaluation of local anesthetics • hearing experiments because of sensitive cochlea • Isolated tissues especially ileum, heart • study on TB and ascorbic acid metabolism
  • 29.
  • 30. • Docile animal • New Zealand white strains are widely used • it has huge caceum and long appendix • enzyme atropine esterase is present in rabbit liver and plasma so it can tolerate large doses of belladona (atropine)
  • 31. EXPERIMENTAL USES • Pyrogen testing • Bioassay of anti-diabetic, curareform drugs and sex hormones • Screening of agents affecting capillary permeability • Drugs used in glaucoma • Pharmacokinetic studies • Studies related to antifertility agents • Isolated preparations like heart, duodenum, ileum, pre’s • Study on local anaestetics • Study on miotic and mydratics
  • 32. GE NE RAL ANAESTHESIA FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS
  • 33. As with human subjects, general anaesthesia can be induced by intravenous or inhalational methods. The intraperitoneal route is often employed in those animals with poor veins.
  • 34. Intravenous/ intraperitoneal anesthetic • Barbiturates Pentobarbitone, Thiopentone • Non-barbiturate drugs Urethane, Ketamine, phencyclidine, chloralose