media in the online age

1. Media in the
Online Age
History of the internet

2. Difference between internet and world
wide web.
• The Internet is a massive network of networks, a
networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers
together globally, forming a network in which any
computer can communicate with any other computer as
long as they are both connected to the Internet.
• Whereas, The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a
way of accessing information over the medium of the
Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built
on top of the Internet.

3. Brief History
• The first recorded description of the social interactions that
could be enabled through networking was a series of
memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962
discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a
globally interconnected set of computers through which
everyone could quickly access data and programs from any
site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of
today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research
program at DARPA, starting in October 1962. While at
DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan
Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G.
Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept.

4. • The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was
based on the idea that there would be multiple independent
networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the
ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but
soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet
radio networks and other networks. The Internet as we now
know it embodies a key underlying technical idea, namely that
of open architecture networking. In this approach, the choice
of any individual network technology was not dictated by a
particular network architecture but rather could be selected
freely by a provider and made to interwork with the other
networks through a meta-level "Internetworking Architecture".

5. • A major shift occurred as a result of the increase in scale of
the Internet and its associated management issues. To make
it easy for people to use the network, hosts were assigned
names, so that it was not necessary to remember the
numeric addresses. Originally, there were a fairly limited
number of hosts, so it was feasible to maintain a single
table of all the hosts and their associated names and
addresses. The shift to having a large number of
independently managed networks (e.g., LANs) meant that
having a single table of hosts was no longer feasible, and
the Domain Name System (DNS) was invented by Paul
Mockapetris of USC/ISI. The DNS permitted a scalable
distributed mechanism for resolving hierarchical host names
into an Internet address.

6. Related Questions.

7. Q. When the Internet started and by
whom/what ?
• The initial idea is credited as being Leonard
Kleinrock's after he published his first paper entitled
"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" on May
31, 1961.
• In 1962, J.C.R. Licklider became the first Director
of IPTO and gave his vision of a galactic network. In
addition to ideas from Licklider and Kleinrock, Robert
Taylor helped create the idea of the network that later
became ARPANET.

8. Q. Who created Emailing ?
• In 1978, a 14-year-old named VA Shiva Ayyadurai
developed a computer program, which replicated the
features of the interoffice, inter-organizational paper mail
system. He named his program “EMAIL”. Shiva filed an
application for copyright in his program and in 1982 the
United States Copyright Office issued a Certificate of
Registration to him on the progress.

9. Q. When was spam born ?
• On May 3, 1978, the Internet witnessed a glorious and
not particularly welcome birth: The first ever spam
email. Gary Thuerk, a marketer for the Digital Equipment
Corporation, blasted out his message to 400 of the
2600 people on ARPAnet, the DARPA-funded so-called
“first Internet.” Naturally: He was selling something.
(Computers, or more specifically, information about open
houses where people could check out the computers.)
He annoyed a lot of people. And he also had some
success, with a few recipients interested in what he was
pushing. And thus, spam was born.

10. Q. What is MUD and USE
NET ?
• MUD or Multi User Dungeons is a class of virtual reality
experiments accessible via the Internet. These are real-time
chat forums with structure; they have multiple 'locations' like
an adventure game, and may include combat, traps, puzzles,
magic, a simple economic system, and the capability for
characters to build more structure onto the database that
represents the existing world.
• Usenet is a worldwide distributed Internet discussion system. It
was developed from the general purpose UUCP dial-up
network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the
idea in 1979 and it was established in 1980.

11. Q. What happened in 1988?
• 1988 was an important year in the early history of
the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known
computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The first
officially sanctioned online commercial e-mail provider
debuted as well. A computer virus is
a malware program that, when executed, replicates by
inserting copies of itself into other computer programs,
data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive; when
this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then
said to be "infected".

12. Q. What was launched in 1989
?
• Galileo was an unmanned NASA spacecraft which
studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as
several other solar system bodies. Named after the
astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and
entry probe. It was launched on October 18, 1989,
carried by Space Shuttle Atlantis, on the STS-
34 mission. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7,
1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth,
and became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. It
launched the first probe into Jupiter, directly measuring
its atmosphere.

13. Q. When was the first webpage
created ?
• Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, born 8 June 1955,
also known as "TimBL", is an English computer scientist,
best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He
made a proposal for an information management system
in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful
communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)client and server via the Internet sometime around
mid November of that same year.

14. Q. Why was 1995 significant for
internet users ?
There are a lot of things that happened in 1995.
• Netscape introduced JavaScript.
• Netscape Navigator completely dominated the web browser market.
• Microsoft launched Internet Explorer 1.
• Microsoft released Windows 95. Most people were using Win 3.1 or 3.11 at the time.
• Sun announced Java.
• Intel released their 133 MHz Pentium processor, and the Pentium Pro processor (running
up to a mighty 200 MHz).
• Sony launched the first Playstation.
• Linus Torvalds released version 1.2.0 of the Linux kernel (a.k.a. Linux 95).
• And sadly enough: The final original strip of Calvin & Hobbes was published.

15. Q. When did Google go live ?
• Google began in March 1996 as a research project
by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students
at Stanford University.
• In search of a dissertation theme, Page had been
considering—among other things—exploring the mathematical
properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link
structure as a huge graph. His supervisor, Terry
Winograd, encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page
later recalled as "the best advice I ever got") and Page
focused on the problem of finding out which web pages
link to a given page.

16. Q. When was Wikipedia
launched ?
• The Wikipedia was launched on Monday 15 January
2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger; however, its
technological and conceptual underpinnings predate this.
The earliest known proposal for an online encyclopedia
was made by Rick Gates in 1993, but the concept of
a free-as-in-freedom online encyclopedia was proposed
by Richard Stallman in December 2000.