This document provides an overview of a lecture on environmental science and the hydrological cycle. It includes: 1. An introduction of the lecturer, Amit Chauhan, including his educational and professional background. 2. An outline of topics to be covered in the lecture, including the hydrological cycle, remote sensing, natural resources inventories, natural disasters, and more. 3. Expectations of students, including attending lectures, participating in discussions, writing essays, and presenting seminars on assigned topics. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the hydrological cycle and how human activities can impact it. It provides background on the global water cycle and distribution as well as issues around water management in

1. Amit Chauhan -
MSc. Environmental Science Part- I
Birla College, University of Mumbai.
Lecture 1:

2. About my self!
• Amit Gopal Chauhan
• BSc. Botany & Environmental Science,
Birla College, 1997
• Master’s in Environmental
Management, Shivaji University, 2000
• MSc. Environmental Assessment and
Evaluation, LSE, 2004

3. My resent work
•The Green Rating Project
in India – A Perfect Note
but an, Incomplete
Symphony!

4. I want to know you people well
before proceeding further!( is it
possible?)
If I could know your Name,
previous study, any publication?,
why did you chose this subject?,
what are you going to do after your
MSc.? One crisp statement about
your goal in life!

5. What you will be learning?
• Hydrological Cycle
• Remote Sensing
• Inventories of Natural Resources
• Lithosphere and its characteristics
• Natural Disasters

6. What I want you to do ?
• Before the lecture – • After the lecture –
• Go through the • If not then after the
readings before the lecture.
lecture. • Reflect upon the
topic and try to
• Think an form a
relate it with
view point before current/ recent /
coming for the practical examples
lecture within the country
and international.

7. Things I would expect form
both of us
• Collect and share readings
• Speak up and put forward your arguments
openly without any hesitation.
• Discuss and clear doubts about the learning
right away. Alternatively during the time
allotted as office hours.
• Communicate via email.
• Correct references

8. What I would not Expect from
you?
• Communicating within your self during
the lecture
• Arrive late for lecture. (first 10 minutes
is occasionally acceptable)
• Not give your seminar.
• Not writing enough essays
• Not attending the mock test

9. Any
Questions?

10. Seminar
• Each student will give one • Alternatively, you can
seminar of 20 minutes combine two topics and
each. give a seminar
• Each seminar will collectively (a team of
followed by 10 minutes of two) within 35 minutes.
question and answer • Topics in focus of
session. seminars will not be dealt
• Good presentation skills, in lectures so please give
with balanced, full full references with
coverage of relevant sub- exhaustive coverage.
topics is expected.

11. Essays
• Each student is to give an written essay of not
more then 2500 words by December 7, 2004.
There will be four choices. The questions will
be given within two weeks .i.e. by 29th
September.
• Broader coverage of topics, good
appreciation of literature, quantitative &
qualitative data compilation, with full
references and original insights.

12. Mock test
• Depends on you, “to have it or not to
have it?”
• When? You say it we shall have it.
• Time, Sixty minutes, one question out
of a possible combination of four.
• I would suggest at least one month
prior to exams. Rest is up to you.

13. Importance of water(cycle)!
• Life support ability.
• Most versatile as well as necessary of man’s
materials.
• Nutrient transport; weathering; patterns of
concentration always changing.
• 95% bounded chemically into rocks; 97.3% of
the remaining 5% in ocean; 2.1% as polar
caps/ glaciers; remaining is fresh including
liquid and vapor state.
• Ground water cycle the longest.

14. Hydrological Cycle
• The water that is not locked up as permanent ice is
continually moving through various pathways on
the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, and
this set of natural flows is called the hydrological
cycle.
• Two Natural Cycles: Long & short
• Short: Sea water/Fresh water Evoporation
Condensation Presipitation.
• Long: Surface runoff; percolation/infiltration;
evapo-transpiration;ground water;

17. A Summary of Global Hydrological Cycle
( assuming 100 water units)
• 77 84 7 16 23
Sea Horizontal advection of water vapor and clouds Land
Precipitation Evaporation Evapo transpitration
over ocean from ocean Precipitation
over land
surface runoff and through flow
• 77 84 7 16 23
Source: Environmental Remote Sensing, by Barrett & Curtis, 1999.

20. The major components of the
hydrologic cycle are:
• Evapo-transpiration
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Infiltration
• Percolation
• Runoff

21. The Water Balance Equation.
Q = (P – E) + (∆S + ∆T)
Where: Q = Stream flow, P = precipitation,
E = evapotranspiration, ∆S= net change in
storage and ∆T= net underground (influent –
effluent) transfers.

22. Water Distribution on Earth
• Total Volume of Water: 1,357,506,000 km³
• Of which we find 1,320,000,000 km³(97.2%) in the ocean;
29,000,000 km³ ( 2.15%) Frozen;
8,506,000 km³(0.65%) Fresh(Atmosphere, Land)
• The fresh water is found as 4,150,000 km³ (48.77%)
Ground water( >0.8 km deep); 4,150,000 km³;Ground
water (<0.8km deep); 13,000 km³ (0.16%) Vapour in
atmosphere; 67,000 km³ (0.8%) Soil and moisture seepage;
126,259 km³ (1.5) lakes, rivers, streams (I.e. runoff =
0.009% of total world water).
• Source: van der Leeden 1975.

23. Hutchinson, (1957) in Rana S.V.S.
(2003) estimates water in various parts of
the world as
• Primary lithosphere: 250,000 X 1020
• Ocean: 13,800 X 1020
• Sedimentary rocks: 2,100 X 1020
• Polar caps & other ice: 167 X 1020
• Circulating ground water 2.5 X 1020
• Inland waters 0.25 X 1020
• Atmospheric water
vapor 0.13 X 1020
Total: 266,069.88 X 1020

24. Moisture balance equation
P + I = E + R + D + ∆S
Where: P is precipitation, I is irrigation
water added, E is evapotranspiration, R is
run-off, D is drainage to bedrock and ∆S
is the change is soil moisture content.

25. Annual Water Resources India
Total Precipitation 400 million hectare meters
Immediate 70 million hectare meters
evaporation
Run off to Surface 115 million hectare meters
water bodies
Percolation into soil 215 million hectare meters
Water utilization 90 million hectare meters
Ground water 25 million hectare meters
contribution
Surface flows 50 million hectare meters
Source: Indian Economy 2003.

26. Water budget India
• 14 Major rivers, 44 medium, 55 minor
river systems. Comparatively poorly
developed catchments areas. Ground
water ample only in northern and costal
areas.
• Average annual rainfall: 1100 m.m

27. Dr. Chidambaram’s Provisions 2004
• Panchayats to be given powers to manage drinking
water schemes
• 2,610 crores given for rural drinking water
• Pilot projects to link water bodies in 5 districts
• Rs 30,000 cr per year to be spent on water related
projects
• Delhi in India is predicted to run out of
groundwater by 2015 at current usage rates.

28. On Natural Hydrological Cycle see
• http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/hydrocycle/hydro
• http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/ground/src/cy
• http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/modu
• http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html
• http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/riv
• http://www.kidsfortigers.org/teachers/lesson3.pdf

29. On Socio-Political Issues on water in
India / World
• http://www.infochangeindia.org/ItanddIstory.jsp?recordno=194&section_idv=9
• http://www.waterobservatory.org/
• http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/
• http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/index.htm
• http://www.worldwaterforum.org/
• http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP
• http://www.unep.org/themes/freshwater/
• http://www.unesco.org/water/
• http://193.194.138.190/html/menu2/6/water/index.htm
• http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf
• http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/
• http://www.iwsd.co.zw/
• http://63.135.115.158/article.asp?id=669
• http://www.networkideas.org/focus/sep2002/Water.pdf
• http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1035.html

30. Continued:
• http://www.ifpri.org/
• http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/home/drought.htm
• http://www.panda.org/downloads/freshwater/runningpurereport.pdf
• http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/190_filename_globalwater_eng.pdf
• http://www.blueplanetproject.net/
• http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Assessment/files/pdf/BluePaper.pdf
• http://www.iucn.org/themes/law/pdfdocuments/EPLP51EN.pdf
• http://www.cohre.org/water
• http://www.thewaterpage.com/
• http://www.leadindia.org/html/dropsoflife.html
• http://www.waterforfood.org/
• http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/water/default.asp?iso3=IND&search=search
• http://www.worldrevolution.org/guidepage/water/literature
• http://www.worldwatch.org/

31. Human Interference
• Soil pollution due to irrigation
• Sewage; surface water runoff; eutriphication.
• Industrial discharges
• Ground water pollution; Marine water pollution;
effecting estuarine and coral population
• Aggravates soil erosion/landslides (Sheet/Rill/
Gully erosion)
• Disease spread ( cholera, typhoid, dysentery)

37. How we influence the water cycle?
• Global warming – climate change, reducing the
ice caps/glaciers there by using up the potential
source of fresh water.
• Urban influence – reducing the water holding
capacity of soil, increasing vulnerability for
floods/ inviting drought’s after floods.
Eutrophication of lakes.
• Rural influence – raising the potential for
irreparable damage to the ground water table,
worsening the situation during the drought, soil
alkalinity, desertification.

38. Influence continued..
• Industrial influence – polluting fresh water
sources, potentially to affect biodiversity, any
other?
• Population influence – less and less for more and
more, day by day. Ground water pollution, every
other influence you can think of.
• Life style - spend thrift Jacuzzi. Rahul…Paani
Chala Jayega.

39. Do we really need to worry about it?
• Water wars?
• Connecting rivers?
• Large dams vs. Small check dams/ KT wears?
• Any examples of lost civilizations cause of too
much or too little of water?
• Which country imports drinking water?
• Will technology come to rescue?
• Or will policy and social change will help?
• Is big beautiful or small?