measles presentation by amir khan

1. MEASLES

2. • Synonyms:-rubeola, red measles , English measles,
• Measles is highly contagious infectious disease which is caused by measles virus.
• Incubation period:-10-12 days postexpore. ( 20 days longest 8 days shortest) .
• Etiology:- Measles is caused spherical RNA virus of the genus morbilli virus and family paramyxoviridae.
It Is relatively large with RNA genome. Measles virus is heat labile and human is the natural host

3. • Etiologic agent:-

4. • Pathophysiology:-
Measles virus is transmitted via droplets and infects epithelial cells of the nose and conjunctivae. Virus multiplies in these
epithelial cells and then extends to the regional lymph nodes . Primary viremia occurs 2 to 3 days after infection, and
measles virus continues to replicate in epithelial and reticuloendothelial system tissue over the next few days. Secondary
viremia occurs on days 5 to 7, and infection becomes established in the skin and other tissues including the respiratory tract
on days 7 to 11. The prodromal phase, which lasts 2 to 4 days, occurs at this time with fever, malaise, cough, coryza, and
conjunctivitis. Koplik spots may develop on the buccal mucosa about 1 to 2 days before the rash and may be apparent for 1
to 2 days after rash onset. The rash then develops at about 14 days after infection; at this time virus can be found in blood,
skin, respiratory tract, and other organs. Over the next few days, viremia gradually decreases as the rash coalesces and
gradually resolves along with the other signs and symptoms. Viremia and presence of virus in tissue and organs ceases by
days 15 to 17 corresponding to the appearance of antibody

5. • Sign and Symptoms:-
• Symptoms will appear about 9-11 day. It include
• Runny nose
• Dry cough
• Conjunctivitis
• Watery eye
• Photophobia or sensitivity to light.
• Sneezing.
• A reddish-brown rash

6. • Kopliks spots or very small grayish-white spots with bluish white centre in the mouth, inside cheacks and
throat.
• Generalized body aches
• Fever

8. • Complication:-
• Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from mild complications such as diarrhea to
serious complications such as pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial
pneumonia), bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis), otitis
media, acute brain inflammation (and very rarely SSPE subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis), and corneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring

9. • Diagnosis
• Clinical diagnosis of measles requires a history of fever of at least three days, with at least one of these
symptoms (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis). Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic of measles.
• Laboratory testing
• Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive
measles IgM antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from respiratory specimens. For people unable to
have their blood drawn, saliva can be collected for salivary measles-specific IgAtesting. Positive contact with
other patients known to have measles adds strong epidemiological evidence to the diagnosis. Any contact with
an infected person, including semen through sex, saliva, or mucus, can cause infection.

10. • Treatment:-
• Measles gives people a fever.
• There is no specific treatment. If there are no complications, the doctor will recommend rest and plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
• Symptoms usually go away within 7 to 10 days.
• The following measures may help:
• If the child's temperature is high, they should be kept cool, but not too cold. Tylenol or ibuprofen can help control fever, aches, and pains.
Children under 16 years should not take aspirin. A doctor will advise about acetaminophen dosage, as too much can harm the child,
especially the liver.
• People should avoid smoking near the child.
• Sunglasses, keeping the lights dim or the room darkened may enhance comfort levels, as measles increases sensitivity to light.
• If there is crustiness around the eyes, gently clean with a warm, damp cloth.
• Cough medicines will not relieve a measles cough. Humidifiers or placing a bowl of water in the room may help. If the child is over 12
months, a glass of warm water with a teaspoon of lemon juice and two teaspoons of honey may help. Do not give honey to infants.

11. • A fever can lead to dehydration, so the child should drink plenty of fluids.
• A child who is in the contagious stage should stay away from school and avoid close contact with others,
especially those who are not immunized or have never had measles.
• Those with a vitamin A deficiency and children under 2 years who have measles may benefit from vitamin A
supplements. These can help prevent complications, but they should only be taken with a doctor's agreement.
• Antibiotics will not help against the measles virus, but they may sometimes be prescribed if an additional
bacterial infection develops.
• Prevention:- measles vaccine have been used for its prevention

12. • Prevention of measles
-Preventions

14. • Isolation. Because measles is highly contagious from about four days before to four days after the rash breaks out,
people with measles shouldn't return to activities in which they interact with other people during this period.
• It may also be necessary to keep nonimmunized people siblings, for example away from the infected person
• Vaccinate. Be sure that anyone who's at risk of getting the measles who hasn't been fully vaccinated receives the
measles vaccine as soon as possible
• Measles is best prevented by the measles, mumps andrubella (MMR) combination vaccine
• Almost all people who have 2 doses of a measles-containing vaccine will be protected against measles.
• If an unimmunized child (over 9 months) or adult has contact with measles, the infection may be prevented by
immediate vaccination (within 72 hours of first contact) with a measles containing vaccine.

15. • If it is 3 to 7 days since the exposure, immunoglobulin may prevent infection.
• If the infant is less than 9 months old and is in contact with measles, the risk of developing measles can be reduced by
giving immunoglobulin within7 days of contact. The MMR vaccine should then be given as close as possible to 12
months of age, but at least 5 to 6 months after giving immunoglobulin.
• Practice hygiene and cleanliness:-Wash your hands often.
• If soap and water aren’t available, clean your hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
• Try to avoid close contact, such as hugging, or sharing eating utensils or cups, with people who are sick
• .

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