1. A
Report
ON
The problem of primary and middle education to children of
migrant labours in India.
Submitted for end term project in 6th trimester
JKBS
Research Supervisor Submitted By
Dr.Richa Dahiya Amandeep
Roll No-05/JKBS/AICTE
JKBS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT Year 2011-13

2. Contents:-..IntroductionResearch interest areas.
1. Review literature.
2. The Impact of Labor Migration on the Children.
3. Cost and risk of migration.
4. Child labor in rural areas with a special focus on
migration, agriculture, mining and brick kilns.
5. Objective.
6. Impact of migration.
7. Cost and risk of Migration.
8. Important socio economic indicator of general and ST
population.
9. Migration scenario in India.
10. Major migrant employing sector.
I. Tribunal migration.
II. Mahbubnagar in Andhra Pradesh.
III. Migration from Bihar.
IV. Justification of the study.
11. Effect on primary Education in India.
12. Third sector participation in education.
13. Corporate involvement.
14. Child protection in eleventh five year plan(2006-2011
15. Defining child protection.
16. Education and child protection.
17. Child labor defining.
18. Approaches to eleventh five year plan n child protection.
19. References.

3. Introduction:
The education of the children of migrant labors is most educationally
deprived and unprivileged children are the most suffered once. Migrant labors
are often factory workers, general labor farm labor across the country, those
who wanders from one place to another with their families to seek temporary or
seasonal work in factories and agriculture field are considered migrant student.
Rural-urban migration is the fastest growing type of migration as more migrants
choose to work in different states of the country like Delhi, Maharashtra,
Punjab, and Haryana, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh. Migrant labor makes enormous
contributions to the Indian economy through major sectors such as
construction, textiles, small industries, brick-making, stone quarries, mines and
hospitality services. but they recognized with few citizen rights and no political
voice in shaping decision that impact their lives.
Research Interest Areas • Migration, Mobility and Health
• Sexual Health
• Reproductive and Child Health
• Adolescent and Youth Health
• Youth Participation
• Violence against Children

4. Review literature:-
The literature on the subjects of education to under privileged children and their
development is fairly large, while it is not so in the subject of education to
children of migrant labor which is a growing area of research.
The report of the problem of primary and middle education of children of
migrant labor brings together macro Statistics and field based case studies
highlighting the problem of child labor in rural areas. The Report documents
testimonies of children as well as brings together select case studies of
innovative work done by NGOs for getting children out of work and into school.
The report points out that a rights-based approach to development needs to
emphasize empowerment, participation and non-discrimination and address
vulnerability, marginalization and exclusion. By narrowing the definition of child
labor to either wage employment or ‘hazardous’ work, one is indeed not taking
into account the entire Universe of marginalized children who cannot exercise
‘choices’.
Low wages and lack of opportunities in their native
villages are the primary factors that have pushed
migrants out of their villages. Drought and water scarcity
have added to their plight.
The majority of studies have focused on the impact of their migration

5. The Impact of Labor Migration on the
Children Left Behind: A Study of
Elementary School Children in the
Philippines.
by Graziano Battistella , Ma. Cecilia G. Conaco
A large number of studies have found that migration earnings are used mainly
for ‘consumption’, i.e. food, clothing, house repairs, Social events and religious
pilgrimages. But this underplays their importance in improving family nutrition
and reducing the need
to borrow for essentials. Furthermore, new evidence shows Those migration
earnings are being invested in agriculture, small enterprise, education, health
and housing all of which contribute to improving household wellbeing
(Deshingkar et al, forthcoming). On the negative side, male migration from
nuclear families can lead to loneliness and increased work burdens for women.

6. Costs and risks of Migration
Migrants are rarely full citizens in their place of work. In the formal context,
they lose voting rights, as well as free healthcare and subsidized food and
fuel under the Public Distribution System. It becomes less easy for them to
access free education for their Children. They also face discrimination more
generally because they often belong to historically disadvantaged groups
such as the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes. Furthermore, women and
girls from these social groups rarely receive ‘equal pay for equal work’. Poor
migrants are often employed in risky jobs – industrial accidents, exposure to
hazardous chemicals, long working hours and unhygienic conditions are the
norm. Especially hazardous are dyeing, other chemical industries, stone
crushing, brick making, steel utensil production, and loading. Migrants are
susceptible to infectious diseases because of the very poor, crowded and
unhygienic living conditions (migrants are identified as high risk group by the
National Aids Control Organization). They often face exclusionary processes
that prevent them from acquiring new skills and moving up the job ladder.

7. Child labor in rural areas with a special focus on migration,
agriculture, mining and brick kilns.
Neera Burra.
Migrant children: India faces a huge challenge with “distress
seasonal migration”. Millions of families are being forced to leave
their homes and villages for several months every year in search of
livelihoods. These migrations mean that families are forced to drop
out of schools, something that closes up the only available
opportunity to break the vicious cycle generation after generation.
At worksites migrant children are inevitably put to work. All
evidence indicates that migrations are large and growing. The
number of children below 14 years of age thus affected may
already be in the order of 9 million. Migrant populations
overwhelmingly belong to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes, and
Other Backward Castes. They comprise the landless and land poor
who possess the least amount of assets, skills or education. Studies
reveal that the majority of migrant labor is to be found is states
like Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
and Maharashtra. Almost all major states appear to be affected by
migration, although to varying degrees. Many industrial and agro-

8. industrial sectors like rick-making, salt manufacture, sugar cane
harvesting, stone quarrying, construction, fisheries, plantations
Objectives:-
1. To probe the problem face by migrant labor in providing primary
and middle education to their children.
2. To identify the area where Govt. literacy program is having gap in
reaching to children of migrant labor.
3. To suggest ways to revise Government Literacy Programs to be effective
in reaching to every underprivileged children of our society.
 To find out the pedagogy in government run primary and middle school
located in remote and rural area.
 This would help finally to improve country literacy rate.

9. Impacts of migration.
A large number of studies have found that migration earnings are used mainly
for ‘consumption’, i.e. food, clothing, house repairs, social events and religious
pilgrimages. But this underplays their importance in improving family nutrition
and reducing the need to borrow for essentials. Furthermore, new evidence
shows that migration earnings are being invested in agriculture, small
enterprise, education, health and housing all of which contribute to improving
household wellbeing (Deshingkar et al, forthcoming). On the negative side, male
migration from nuclear families can lead to loneliness and increased work
burdens for women.
1. Costs and risks of Migration
Migrants are rarely full citizens in their place of work. In the formal context, they
lose voting rights, as well as free healthcare and subsidized food and fuel under
the Public Distribution System. It becomes less easy for them to access free
education for their Children. They also face discrimination more generally
because they often belong to historically disadvantaged groups such as the
Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes. Furthermore, women and girls from
these social groups rarely receive ‘equal pay for equal work Poor migrants are
often employed in risky jobs – industrial accidents, exposure to hazardous
chemicals, long working hours and unhygienic conditions are the norm.
Especially hazardous are dyeing, other chemical industries, stone crushing, brick
making, steel utensil production, and loading. Migrants are susceptible to

10. infectious diseases because of the very poor, crowded and unhygienic living
conditions (migrants are identified as high risk group by the National Aids
Control Organisation). They often face exclusionary processes that prevent
them from acquiring new skills and moving up the job ladder.

11. 3. Important socio-economic indicators of general and ST
population in India
1. S.SS.No Socio-economic indicators General Population STs
(i) Population (%) 74.6 8.2
i. Rural population (%) 71.1 91.2
2. (ii)Urban population (%) 28.9 8.8
3. Sex Ratio 933 978
4. Total Fertility Rate 2.66 3.06
5. Effective Literacy Rate (2001) 64.8 47.1
(i) Male literacy 78.7 59.17
(ii) Female literacy 58.17 34.76
6. Gross Enrolment Rate (2003-04)
(i) Class I-V 108.50 123.89
(ii) Class VI-VIII 70.51 68.95
(iii) Class IX-X 51.65 37.16
(iv) Higher Education 7.96 4.63
7. (i) Infant Mortality 61.8 84.2
i. Child Mortality 22.2 46.3
ii. Institutional delivery 40.1 17.1
8. (i) Percentage of women with anaemia 47.6 64.9
9. (ii) Anaemic Children (%) 72.7 79.8
10.8. Basic Amenities
(i) Households with Electricity 61.4 36.5
(ii) Households with access to drinking water 14.4 28.2
(iii) Households with Pucca houses 57.7 24.4

12. 11.9. Occupation Pattern
(i) Work participation rate 30.3 49.1
(ii) Percentage of Main workers to total works 80.2 68.9
(iii) Cultivators 32.5 44.7
(iv) Agricultural labourers 20.7 36.9
(v) Other occupations 42.2 16.3
12.10. (i) Poverty Ratio Rural Population (%) (1999-2000) 27.11 45.86
13.(ii) Poverty Ratio Urban Population (%) (1999-2000) 23.65
34.75SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Tribal‟s in India face in surmountable problems due to their low socio-economic
conditions,poverty,unemployment,displacement,in debted ness,lack of
opportunities, accessibility and awareness of the government
programmes.Coupled to this, the government and private industrial
establishments have initiated mega projects of mining, hydro-electric, industry,
business, roads and transport which is leading to the loss of traditional land
ownership and livelihood opportunities. This is resulting in large scale migration
of rural tribal to urban areas in search of livelihoods either temporarily or on
permanent basis which in turn resulting into the disturbances of their traditional
socio psychological family relationship, network of neighborly relationships and
the adoption of new urban culture. Human Migration and in particular tribal
migration with its implications is becoming an important socio-economic
problem for the policy makers and government to Undertake welfare and
development activities.

13. 4. Migration Scenario in India
Migration for variety of reasons is age old practice but it is increasing at a faster
pace over last decades. India as a nation has seen a high migration rate in recent
years.
According to the National Census for 2001 30% of the population or 307
million were migrants. Of these, nearly a one third had migrated during the
previous decade. National Census and the National Sample Survey (NSS) use
definitions of migration that are not employment related. These are change in
birthplace and change in last usual place of residence. Secondly they give only
the main reason for migration and thus miss secondary reasons which are often
work related particularly in the case of women, third they count migrant stocks
and not flows which are actually more important for policy and finally, they
seriously underestimate categories of work that employ migrant workers. There
were 65.4 million female migrants and 32.8 million male migrants. However
a majority (42.4 million) of female migrants had not migrated for work and
had cited marriage as the main reason for the change in residence. Among
males, the most important reason for migration was „Work/Employment‟ cited by
12.3 million male migrants. Rural to rural migration still dominated and
accounted for 53.3 million; Rural to urban migration: 20.5 million Urban to rural
migration: 6.2 million and Urban to urban migration: 14.3million. Interstate
migration has grown by 53.6%. The total number of inter-state migrants was 42.3
million. Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states
with the largest net out migration. The number of migrants during period 1991
2001increased by about 22%. Apart from women migrating due to marriage,
employment is the biggest reason for migration. The number of job seekers
among all migrants has increased by 45% over the previous decade. Nearly 14

14. million people migrated from their place of birth in search of jobs. The
overwhelming majority of these-12 million was men. The data shows that among
people migrating in search of jobs, literates constitute the vast bulk over 10.6
million while illiterate migrants are about 3.3 million. Three out of four job-
seeking migrants are educated males. Among literate, migrant job-seekers less
than 1% was women. Nearly 40% of literate persons migrating for work had
studied up to secondary level and another 32% had studied beyond. Graduates
numbered over 1.8 million or about 17% while technical diploma or degree
holders constituted about 8% (Census, 2001, NSS data 199-2000).As per the
survey, In 2001, 309 million persons were migrants based on place of last
residence, which constitute about 30% of the total population of the country.
This figure indicates an increase of around 37 percent from census 1991 which
recorded 226 million migrants. Out of the total migrants 91 million are males and
the rest 218 are females. Thus migrants constitute around 30 percent of the total
population, male and female migrants constituting 18 percent and 45 percent of
their population respectively. Of the total migrants, 87 percent were migrants
within the state of enumeration while 13 percent were interstate migrants. Among
the male migrants, 79 percent moved within the state of enumeration while 21
percent moved between states. Among females, 90 percent were intrastate
migrants and 10 percent were interstate migrants.
Patterns revealed by the census were:
• There were 65.4 million female migrants and 32.8 million male
migrants. However a majority (42.4 million) of female migrants had
not migrated for work and had cited marriage as the main reason for
the change in residence. Among males the most important reason for

15. migration was „Work/Employment‟ given by 12.3 million male
migrants.
• Rural to rural migration still dominated and accounted for 53.3
million; Rural to urban migration: 20.5 million Urban to rural
migration: 6.2 million and Urban to urban migration: 14.3 million.
• Interstate migration has grown by 53.6%. The total number of
interstate migrant‟s was 42.3 million. Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and
Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with the largest net out
migration.
The 55th round of NSS of 1999-00 was the first to cover short-duration
migration defined as:“persons staying away from usual place of
residence for 60 days or more for employment or better employment or
in search of employment”. It estimates that roughly 1% of the Indian
Population or 10 million people migrated temporarily (NSSO 2001).
But this is also a gross underestimate because the data do not properly
count part-time occupations and short term migrations. In sum, there
are six major shortcomings of official data:
• They tend to underestimate short term movements and thus
underestimate or miss altogether, seasonal and circular migration
which, according to recent village studies account for the bulk of
migratory movements for work.
• Women‟s migration is not adequately captured because the surveys
ask for only one reason for migration to be stated. This is usually stated

16. as marriage and the secondary reason i.e. finding work at the
destination may not be mentioned.
• They do not capture migration streams that are illegal or border on
illegality i.e. trafficking for work and various forms of child labor. The
census of India reported 12.66 million working children but estimates
by agencies working against child labor such as The Global March and
the International Center on Child Labor and Education (ICCLE)
calculate that there are roughly 25-30 million child workers in India
(ITUC 2007) and Human Rights Watch says that more than 100
million could be working because so many are out of education.
Smaller studies and NGO assessments (some of which are reviewed
later) show that child migrants form a large part of the workforce in
several major sectors such as construction, brick-kilns, small
industries, domestic work and farm work.
• They do not count properly rural-rural circulatory migrants who work
on commercial farms and plantations or rural-urban migrants who
migrate for a few months at a time to work in very small industries.
• They do not capture adequately the movement of scheduled caste and
scheduled tribe people mainly because these groups are engaged in
short term migration and this is not measured properly in the surveys
for the reasons stated above. There are numerous case studies which
show high mobility levels among these groups.

17. • They mis-represent the relationship between poverty and migration.
While village studies show high levels of migration amongst the poor
(not the poorest), official statistics show that migration is higher among
better off groups because they cover mainly permanent migration
which has a higher representation of people from more affluent and
better educated backgrounds. Much of the quantitative evidence in the
Indian literature on migration is drawn from these datasets and so
inevitably exhibits a number of shortcomings. For example Dube yet al
(2006)
Argue on the basis of their analysis of the 1999-2000 round of the NSS
that individuals from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and those
with little or no education are less likely to migrate to urban areas.
Kundu and Sarangi (2007) compare migrant and non-migrant
populations 5 to argue that the probability of being poor among
migrants (both urban-urban and rural-urban including seasonal
migrants) is lower than among non-migrants.

18. Major Migrant Employing Sectors
The Magnitude and Economic Contribution of Migration and
the characteristics of Migration Streams in these Sectors
A search through published and grey literature on migration shows that there is
large number of studies which portray a very different picture of migration. They
show that circular migration is the main form of mobility for work and that such
migration is higher among the poor and especially SCs and STs . They also show
higher rates of migration among women and children. All three sectors of the
Indian economy namely agriculture, industry and services employ very large
numbers of migrant workers. Field evidence shows that the major subsectors
using migrant labour are textiles, construction, stone quarries and mines, brick-
kilns, small scale industry (diamond cutting, leather accessories etc), crop
transplanting and harvesting, sugarcane cutting, plantations, rickshaw pulling,
food processing including fish and prawn processing, salt panning, domestic
work, security services, sex work, small hotels and roadside restaurants/tea shops
and street vending.

19. Tribal Migration:- Tribal society is largely egalitarian and tribal
women have been equal partners with tribal men in the contribution to
household economy. Quite often their women do more physical labour
in their agricultural fields and forest than that of the tribal men. Tribal
women have usually enjoyed a higher social status in their own
communities than Indian women in general. Some of the tribes in sub-
Himalayan regions like Khasis of Meghalaya are matriarchal. As
indicated earlier the socio-economic profile of tribal‟s especially the
tribal women is quite low compared to tribal men and general
population and this is also associated with poor nutritional and health
status among the tribal‟s. Tribal‟s are engaged in various occupations
like hunting, fishing, gathering of forest products, shifting cultivation
to settled agriculture, rural crafts and artisans. A very few tribal groups
are engaged in non-agricultural activities as mendicants, bards,
pastoralists eading a semi-nomadic to nomadic life. Besides routine
household work, the tribal women work in the agricultural fields,
forests for long hours. The overall output if seen in terms of number of
hours of work is low. Their schedule of long working hours continues
even during pregnancy, natal and postnatal stages. They have a
negative energy balance, high morbidity rate, and low child survival
rate. They suffer from taboos and superstitions and remain deprived of
the benefits from existing development and welfare programmes.

20. Tribal‟s are being alienated from their land and forest due to the
ongoing de forestation, hydro-electric power generation, industrial
growth and mining activities The natural resources are being exploited
in a way, which leads to a process of gradual displacement and denying
the basic right of livelihood to the Advisees. Massive investment in
construction of dams, power plants, industrialization and mining create
wealth to the nation and employment opportunities to various people
but all this is hardly of any benefit to the tribal‟s rather it leads to their
social and cultural deprivation, land alienation, destruction of
environment and displacements, which is often without any
rehabilitation. As per the Ministry of Rural Development large scale
tribal land continues to be alienated in the States of Andhra
Pradesh (2.79 lakh acres), Madhya Pradesh (1.58 lakhs acres),
Karnataka (1.3 lakh acre), Gujarat (1.16 lakh acres) during the
beginning of the Tenth Plan and the settlement cases are not being
disposed of easily. About 20.50 lakh persons inhabiting in forest
areas most of whom are tribals inhabiting for generations together
have been deprived of their lands and traditional rights. Due to the
recent enactment of the “The Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
2006” the forest dwelling tribals have claimed forest land and the
state governments could able to give lands to only about 1.50 lakh
persons. Migration to towns and cities often negatively influences the

21. tribal culture and identity. In addition to dam construction and mining
there are problems with access to forest resources where tribals neither
have control nor any kind of
participation in forests, which once were their abode and were one of
the major sources of their livelihood. Tribal and forested areas of
Madhya Pradesh have been identified among the 15 pockets of chronic
poverty in India (Shah 2007). Migration is an important livelihood
activity and research by Mosse et al (1997) in the tribal districts of
southern Madhya Pradesh covered under the DFID funded Western
India Rainfed Farming Project revealed that 65 per cent of households
included migrants who worked mainly in the construction sector
Madhya Pradesh has ranked among the least developed states in India.
It has the largest population of Scheduled Tribes of all states and a high
proportion of Scheduled tastes. Landlessness, nominal and
unproductive landholdings and the inability to invest in farming
continue to characterize the tribal population of the state.
Migrants work long hours in harsh conditions; injuries are common
and there is inadequate medical assistance or compensation (Mosse et
al 2002). Water, fuel, sanitation and security are major problems. A
study by DISHA, an NGO in Gujarat found that over half the migrants
slept in the open and the rest had very perfunctory accommodation.
They face harassment, abuse, theft, forcible eviction or the demolition
of their dwellings by urban authorities or police. The sexual

22. exploitation of women by masons, contractors, the police and others is
routine but unreported by women for fear of the consequences (loss of
employment, violence). Children are even more vulnerable to such
abuse. Although unions have taken up the cause of such migrants,
many do not register with unions because of their continuously
changing work destinations
Mahbubnagar in Andhra Pradesh
The poor, drought prone district of Mahbubnagar in the Telangana region of
Andhra Pradesh is well known all over India for its construction workers. Andhra
Pradesh (AP) is the poorest southern State in India and ranks lowest among south
Indian States on human development indicators as well as growth and per capita
income. The origins of rural labour migration for manual work in Andhra
Pradesh can be traced back to the pre-Independence era. Rural labourers were
mobilized for executing major public works in both rural and urban areas such as
irrigation projects and public buildings.
Migration has been an important way of coping with drought in Mahabubnagar
which has huge tracts of unirrigated land with only a single cropping season (Deb
et al 2002). The Village Level Studies (VLS) conducted by ICRISAT
International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics) over the last three
decades in two villages of Mahbubnagar district in Andhra Pradesh 3 Pers.comm.
Vipul Pandya of Disha in Ahmadabad; Ashok Khandelwal, legal expert on labor
laws and Action Aid staff in Hyderabad.
The situation here is similar to that found in southern MP: workers are recruited
by contractors and agents (mestries) who are hired by construction companies to
find laborers‟. The companies pay the agent and not the workers and

23. underpayment of workers is common. In early 2008, a group of workers
interviewed by Deshingkar during the course of research for the DFID funded
Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project, showed that they were receiving the
equivalent of Rs
1200 per month in cash and food even though the mestris were being given Rs
150 per worker per day (Rs 4500 per month). Mestris recruit workers against an
advance of Rs 20-25000
Justification of the Study:- It has been observed that large number
of educated, uneducated and illiterate men, women and their children from
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and West Bengal Punjab ,Bihar migrate to
different parts of the country and metropolitan city like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
are their major destinations for Searching some gainful employment/casual labor
in the unorganized sector and as household maids for their livelihood. They are
often exploited physically and sexually. The above context, nature of varied data
sets, regional and seasonal variation, different types and forms of migration like
inter- state cross migration, circular migration, occupational migration, short-
term migration, long-term migration, migration caused by displacement and
gender migration etc. particularly among tribal‟s and women tribal folks indicate
that there is a still a dearth of data and detailed analysis and probe is required to
understand the tribal migration. Programmers like National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act NREGA), Jawaharlal Rojgar Yojana (JRY), Employment
Assurance Scheme (EAS), Food For Work Programme (FFW),
Prime Minister Gramin Swarojgar Yojana (PMGSY), Swarna Jayanti Gramin
Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY). Under the proposed study it is planned to find the
reasons for their migration and to document how and where they migrate, their

24. living conditions prior to migration and at their place of migration, what they feel
about their future, whether they know the development programmes being
implemented for their benefit, what is their health status, their vertical job
mobility, the impact of the migration on their socio-economic life pattern at
individual and community level, agencies involved and all other related aspects
particularly the tribal migrants.
Migration from Bihar:- A large number of people belonging to the
musahar caste migrate from Bihar to brick kilns in Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal where they stay for 7-8 months in a year. The musahar (literal translation
is rat-eaters), are classified as a scheduled caste and they have remained largely
on the periphery of society7 The striking difference between the brick-kiln
migrants here and the migrants in Orissa is that there is no one to fight on behalf
of the musahar for better working conditions and wages. While Orissa has NGOs
which have given the issue national and international publicity, the musahar are
less visible. Although there are NGOs in Bihar working on issues that touch the
lives of migrants such as HIV/AIDS there do not appear to be any initiatives for
providing schooling for their children.
Thus brick kiln workers continue to work without any form of social.

25. Effect of PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA:-
India is a nation of more than one billion citizens (1,086,600,000 in mid-2004),
2
second in the world only to China. India‟s population growth rate of 1.7
Percent translates to an additional 18 million people each year, including an
additional 3.8 million children ages 5-14, roughly elementary school age.
Ensuring the health and well-being of a nation this size is an ongoing challenge
for the states and Government of India (GOI), yet India has achieved substantial
improvement in the social and economic development of its citizens over the past
50 years. Life expectancy at birth for an average Indian nearly doubled between
1951 and 2002, increasing from 32.1 to 63.7 years. The share of Indians living
below the poverty line has dropped from 44 percent in 1980 to 26 percent in
2001.The literacy rate increased steadily from 18.3 percent in 1951 to 52.1
percent in 1991 and sharply to 65.4 percent in 2001
National Policy on Education in 1986, and followed by several large, centrally-
sponsored programs to support primary or elementary education development.
Government expenditures on education have increased dramatically, to reach
about 4 percent of GDP in 2001, which includes 1.1 percent on primary
4,5
education and 1.5 percent on elementary education. Primary schools are
universally available, and gross primary enrollment rates exceed 90 percent for
both boys Source: Government of India, Department of Education and girls.
$6.2 billion for Primary Education in India: Major National and
State Primary Education Programs and Incremental Cost
Estimates, 1980s-2000s
1980s
Operation Blackboard. (1987-2002 Rs. 3,552 crore or approximately
$1.2 billion) Provided grants to states to construct an additional
classroom and post an additional teacher in 523,000 single-teacher

26. schools and to purchase a standardized package of teaching materials.
District Institutes of Education and Training. Financed creation of rural
pre service and in-service teacher training institutions (no cost data)
Total literacy Campaign. Provided grants to districts administrations to
organize intensive campaigns to promote literacy (no cost data)
Minimum Levels of Learning. Initiated a national R&D program to
develop basic competencies in language, mathematics and social and
environmental studies to be taught in the primary grades (no cost data)
ok Jumbish. (Rs. 5 billion or approximately $166 million) Uttar
Pradesh asic Education Project ($163 million). Supported construction
and renovation of schools, teacher in service training, and instructional
materials. Bihar Primary Education. (Rs. 3.6 billion or approximately
$180 million). Supported construction and renovation of schools,
teacher service training, and instructional materials.
1990s
DPEP I , II and III ($1.3 billion). Supported construction of 2000 new
chools, 25,000 additional classrooms in existing schools, repairs of
8,000 schools, and 800 block and 5,500 cluster resource centers for
nservice teacher training, in 270 low-literacy districts in 18 states.
Andrha Pradesh Primary Education Project. ($137 million) Supported
80,000 teachers in 3,000 teaching centers in 23 districts. National
rogram of Nutrition to Primary Education. (1995-2003 Rs. 8,700 crorer
approximately $2.5 billion) Supports 110 million children in primary

27. education. Janshala. ($20 million) Supports Village Education
Committees, Mother-Teacher Associations, Parent-Teacher
Associations in 20,000 schools in 30 districts in 9 states
2000s
Kasturba Gandhi Balida Vidyalaya. Supports capital and recurrent
costs for 750 residential schools for SC/ST/OBC, minority girls at the
elementary level. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ($3.4 billion; Rs. 4,187 crore
in 2001-03 or approximately $ 1 billion). Supports construction of new
schools, salaries of new teachers, teacher inservice training, free
extbooks in 576 districts in 28 states and UTs. Source: Government of
India, Department of Education Annual Report 2002-3 and World
Bank, India Elementary Education Program Project Appraisal Report.
At present only a small percentage of India‟s children are benefiting
from services aimed at early childhood care and school readiness. The
major provider of early childhood care and education in India is the
OI‟s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. This
scheme presently reaches 15.8 million children in 35 states, or
approximately 17.8 percent of the three to six year-old children in
India.

28. sTHIRD-SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
NGOs and NGO Strengthening
The GOI has further stepped up efforts to engage both NGOs and the private
sector in improving Indian education. Recognizing the need to engage multiple
partners in the goal of educating all of India‟s youth, the GOI is seeking
initiatives that can bring private resources to help government schools, private
schools, and computer education. Since the 1980‟s, the primary education sector
in India has opened up both to external and non-governmental involvement and
assistance on a large scale.
NGOs in India have worked in collaboration with the government at the state
and national levels. For most, their efforts are focused on supplementing rather
than substituting for government schemes and initiatives.
Corporate Involvement
The corporate sector is also investing resources to improve education in India,
especially as more and more firms engage in corporate social responsibility
(CSR) activities. Between May and October 2003, the Social and Rural Research
Institute, a special unit of Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), polled 536
companies across India on their CSR activities.

29. HSBC Street HSBC has been associated with Future Hope since its
children inception in 1991 and has been helping the organization
through regular donations. The main objective of this
organization is to provide basic necessities, such as care, food,
shelter, education and medical aid to the street children of
Kolkata, to ensure that they have a better future. Initially it
started as a „Home‟ for street children and eventually grew
into a school.
Child labor HSBC Data Processing (HDPI), Hyderabad is supporting the Satya Sai
Vidya Mandir school – a small school in Hyderabad, set up by volunteers
with the objective of persuading parents to keep their children out of child
labour. The children receive some form of education, with a view to
entering them for formal exams and transitioning them into mainstream
schooling. Apart from donating computers and funds, HDPI‟s training
staff developed a structured program for employees to take advantage of
the nine hours community leave allowance, which all employees are
granted to deliver tuition to the volunteer teachers at the school. In their
spare time, HDPI staff volunteer take the children on trips to the zoo.
Support to HSBC supports SOS Children‟s Village in Faridabad. SOS-India‟s
abandoned mission is to provide abandoned and orphaned children with a family, a
and home, an education and a steady foundation for an independent life. It
orphaned works under the umbrella organization, SOS Kinderdorf International.
children The village in Faridabad, Delhi provides shelter to 130 children, ranging
from newborns to teenagers. They live in ten homes, each headed by a
“Mother”, with other boys and girls who all grow up together as siblings.
The village is spread over approximately 5 acres of land and has a

30. kindergarten, library, playground and necessary infrastructure to support
residential staff.
Support to HSBC supports the Naya Prayas Project. Started in 1993 with a non-
underprivile formal education centre for neglected children facing severe economic and
ged emotional crisis, Prayas meets the basic needs of the children - care,
children protection, education, recreation, health care, nutrition and vocational
training. Nearly 350 children, half of whom are girls, between the ages of
514 years, have been enrolled here with the objective of ensuring that they
are finally admitted to formal schools run by the government or public
charitable institutions and to save them from the vortex of child labour.
With help and support from HSBC, Prayas succeeded in placing 70% of
its children into government schools in 2001.
Support to HSBC Software Development (HSDI), Pune supports Preet Mandir, a
abandoned charitable trust working for abandoned children in the age group of 0 to 6
and years. The children, either abandoned or given away to Preet Mandir by
orphaned relatives who cannot maintain them, are supported with shelter, food and
children/ basic education until they can be rehabilitated through legal adoptions in
Computer India or abroad. HSDI has set up a Computer Assisted Learning Centre for
assisted children between 3 and 6 years old. The program at the Learning Centre
learning will cover a wide range of subjects including Computer based learning,
arts, crafts and mathematics.
Cummin Education School on Wheels: Against the notion of standard schools with
s Diesel of street, buildings and infrastructure, CDIF helped the noble cause of
India slum, taking the school to the doors of the street, slum, and

31. Foundati constructio construction site children with no means of entry into formal
on n site school education. The school tries to teach the children formal
children education with the help of audio visual mediums in the fields
of environment, cleanliness, pollution, population, etc.
Caterpill School One of the major initiatives taken by the Company is in the
ar India establishme field of education. Recognizing the need for grooming today‟s
Private nt children as tomorrow‟s responsible corporate citizens, the
Limited company established a school in 1990 near the factory
premises. This English Medium Higher Secondary School,
Chellammal Vidyalaya, imparts quality education, not only for
the benefit of employees‟ children, but also for children from
nearby villages. This school has facilities for education up to
12th Std and currently has on the rolls 1000 students. The
Company has provided the entire infrastructure, facilities and
subsidized transport facility.
Child Protection in the Eleventh Five
Year Plan (2007-2012)
The newly created Ministry of Women and Child Development has taken charge
of child Protection programmes transferred from the Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment.
The Chapter on Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitution of India
enjoins that the State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing that
the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of

32. children are not abused and the citizens are not forced by economic necessity to
enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength .
India’s National Policy for Children 1974 provides a framework for policy and
planning for children. In 1992 India acceded to the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), committing to take measures to ensure the
survival, protection, participation and development of its children India has also
signed the SAARC Convention on Combating Trafficking and Commercial Sexual
Exploitation of Women and Children, 2002 , the SAARC Convention on Regional
Arrangements for the Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia, 2002 and is
signatory to the SAARC Decade on the Rights of the Child 2001-2010, decided in
Rawalpindi Resolution on Children in South Asia in 1996.
“The UPA government will protect the rights of children, strive for elimination
of child labour, ensure facilities for schooling and extend special care to the girl
child.” Despite such clear commitment to child protection enshrined in the
Constitution of India and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified
by India in 1992, and the two Optional Protocols ratified in 2005, and the
various national and international commitments made, children continue to
remain vulnerable with the number of those needing care and protection is ever
increasing.
Defining Child Protection
‘Child Protection’ refers to protection from violence, exploitation, abuse and
neglect. Violations of the child’s right to protection, in addition to being
human rights violations, are also massive, under-recognized and under-
reported barriers to child survival and development. Children subjected to

33. violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect are at risk of: shortened lives, poor
physical and mental health, educational problems (including dropping out of
school), poor parenting skills later in life, homelessness, vagrancy and
displacement.
The need to protect some children is certainly greater than others due to their
specific socioeconomic and political circumstances and geographical location.
These are the children who are 6 more vulnerable in terms of the
harm/danger/risk to their right to survival/development/participation. They are
children in difficult circumstances and include:
??Homeless children (pavement dwellers, displaced/evicted, etc.)
??Refugee and migrants children
??Orphaned or abandoned and destitute children
??Children whose parents cannot,
or are not able to take care of
them
??Street and working children
The Approach to Child Protection
The Government’s approach to child protection so far has addressed largely
those children who have already missed the protective net and fallen into
difficult circumstances. Unfortunately the current coverage falls short of
reaching the most vulnerable because the interventions through the existing
schemes do not cover all the categories of children in difficult circumstances.
Even where the interventions xist, for instance, institutional care for children in
difficult circumstances, there is much room for improving the infrastructure and

34. expanding the outreach. The quality of services needs up-gradation and
regional imbalances need to be addressed.
For building on a comprehensive understanding of children’s right to protection,
it becomes important to adopt both a preventive and a protective approach to
child protection.
The preventive approach – In all these years, application of the preventive
approach has been limited to programmes like awareness generation, media
advocacy, training and capacity building of various stakeholders, legal literacy,
sex education in schools etc. The need of the hour calls for a wider outlook that
must go beyond the conventional prevention strategies and ‘Child Protection’ is
about protecting children from or against any perceived or real danger/risk to
their life, their personhood and childhood. It is about reducing their vulnerability
to any kind of harm and in harmful situations .It is also about protecting children
against social,psychological and emotional insecurity and distress. It must
ensure that no child falls out of the social security and safety net and those who
do, receive necessary care and protection to be brought back into the safety
net. Child protection is integrally linked to every other right of the child. The
failure to ensure children’s right to protection adversely affects all other rights
of the child the development of the full potential of the child. Child protection is
about protecting every right of every child. It must also relate to children’s
capacity for self-reliance and self-defense the and to the roles and
responsibilities of family, community, society and State. Also take into account
the link between child protection and other micro and macro development
issues. Such a holistic understanding of prevention alone can help keep children
within the protective net. Such a proactive approach includes mapping of areas

35. to identify potentially vulnerable families and families with risky behavior,
where children are more vulnerable or likely to come into vulnerable situations
Education and Child Protection: Universal primary education cannot be
achieved without efforts to eliminate the barriers that keep children out of
school: child labour, violence in schools, discrimination, and over-use of
institutional care. Reaching the hard-to-reach- including children affected by
IV/AIDS, orphans, children with disabilities, children from minorities and of
migrant families, and those who are in institutional care- is critical to achieving
ducation for all. Ensuring that children attend schools with qualified staff can
also elp prevent and address child protection abuses.
Child Labour: Child Work and Child Labour can impede the education of
children. Particularly girls, who comprise a larger portion of the out-of-school
population. Violence: The school environment needs to be safe, protective and
free of violence if children are to be encouraged to attend and remain in school.
Sexual violence and harassment facing girls at school is a major impediment to
achieving gender equality in education. Eliminating corporal punishment and
other forms of violence including bullying, peer violence and sexual abuse are
thus integral to ensuring a safe and protective learning environment for
children.
Conflict/civil disturbance: Conflict/civil disturbance can displace families,
separate children from their parents and disrupt a child’s education.Child
Marriage: Girls face economic and cultural pressures to drop out of school in
order to get married. Exclusion: Many vulnerable groups subject to
discrimination need to be taken into account in reaching this target, including

36. children affected by HIV/AIDS, orphans, children with disabilities, children
affected b y conflict and those trafficked, minorities and children of migrant
families. Children without Parental Care: Ensuring that children who are not able
to live with their families are placed in the most appropriate family environment
increases the likelihood that they will attend and benefit from school .
Approach to the Eleventh Plan on Child Protection
In the Eleventh Plan (2007-2012), Child Protection will be viewed as an essential
component of the country’s strategy of placing ‘Development of the child at the
centre of the 11th Plan’. Violations of the child’s right to protection, in addition
to being human rights violations, are massive, under-recognized and under-
reported barriers or obstacles to child survival and development. Failure to
protect children has serious consequences for the physical, mental, emotional,
social development of the child; consequences for the loss in productivity and
the loss in human capital for the nation.
The Government of India has adopted a National Plan of Action for Children
(NPAC) in 2005, which has Cabinet approval. Time targets in the NPA extend to
2012, the end-year of the Eleventh Plan. The NPA for Children sets out a range
of positive measures and declares its intent to secure them for all children aged
up to 18 years. It identifies the Constitution and the CRC as the guiding
framework for realizing the rights of children below 18 years .It clearly implies
cross-sectoral thinking and planning, and inter-sectoral measures. The NPAC has
identified welve key priority areas for the utmost and sustained attention in
terms of reach, programme interventions and resource allocations. These are:
?? Reducing Infant Mortality Rate

37. ?? Reducing Maternal Mortality Rate
?? Reducing Malnutrition among children
?? Achieving 100% civil registration of births.
?? Universalization of early childhood care and development and quality
education for all
children achieving 100% access and retention in schools, including pre-schools.
?? Complete abolition of female foeticide, female infanticide and child marriage
and
ensuring the survival, development and protection of the girl child.
?? Improving Water and Sanitation coverage both in rural and urban areas
?? Addressing and upholding the rights of Children in Difficult Circumstances.
?? Securing for all children all legal and social protection from all kinds of abuse,
exploitation
and neglect
?? Complete abolition of child labour with the aim of progressively eliminating
all forms of
economic exploitation of children.
?? Monitoring, Review, and Reform of policies programmes and laws to ensure
protection of
children’s interests and rights.
?? Ensuring child participation and choice in matters and decisions affecting
their lives
The NPAC 2005 has articulated clearly the rights perspective and agenda for the
development of children, and provides a robust framework within which to
promote the development and protection of children. It is therefore logical and

38. imperative that the NPAC 2005 becomes the basis for planning for children in
the Eleventh Plan in all sectors and the principles articulated in it guide the
planning and investments for children. All budget for child protection schemes
and programmes should be in the plan category and not in the non-plan
category
References:- Publications Edited Volumes
• Jan Mason. Natalie Bolzan and Anil Kumar (eds
(2009)) Children’s Participation? Learning from
Children and Adults in the Asia-Pacific Region, Common
Ground Publishing, Australia
• Anil Kumar, K. (2005) *Guest Editor+: The Indian.
American Institutes for Research
2
Journal of Population Reference Bureaus, World Population Reference Sheet (Washington DC: Population 3
Reference Bureau, 2004). Web site: http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf. Planning
Commission, GOI, 10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007) (New Delhi: Planning Commission, 2002). Web site:
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/default.htm; United Nations Development Program,
Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World (New York: UNDP, 2004). Web
4
site: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/. Elementary education in India includes primary education
5
(typically classes I-V) and upper primary or middle education (typically classes VI-VII). United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Education for All: The Year 2000 Assessment
6
Report, India (2000). Web site: http://www2.unesco.org/wef/countryreports/india/contents/html. An estimated 95
percent of the rural population has a primary school within one kilometer of their home, and about 85 percent of
7
the population has an upper primary school within 3 kilometers. UNESCO (2000). UNESCO, “Online Database
of Education Statistics” (Quebec, Canada: UNESCO Institute for Statistics). Web site: http://www.uis.unesco.org.
3 American Institutes for Research Social Work, Vol. 66, No.4
Ministry of Women and Child Development
Government of India
Shastri Bhawan
New Delhi