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BY-AMAR PRASHANT
      EIE-7TH SEM
      348074006.




          11/23/2011   1
   SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
    Acquisition) has been around as long as
    there have been control systems.
   The first “SCADA” systems utilized data
    acquisition by means of panels of
    meters, lights and strip chart recorders.
   Supervisory control was exercised by the
    operator manually operating various
    control knobs.
   These devices were and still are used to do
    supervisory control and data acquisition
    on plants, factories and power generating
    facilities.


                                     11/23/2011   2
   SCADA refers to the combination of
    telemetry and data acquisition.
   SCADA encompasses the collecting of
    the information, transferring it back to
    the central site, carrying out any
    necessary analysis and control and
    then displaying that information on a
    number of operator screens or
    displays. The required control actions
    are then conveyed back to the process.




                                  11/23/2011   3
• The computer can record and store a
 very large amount of data.
• The data can be displayed in any way
 the user requires.
• Thousands of sensors over a wide
 area can be connected to the system.
• The operator can incorporate real data
 simulations into the system.
• Many types of data can be collected
 from the RTUs.
• The data can be viewed from
 anywhere, not just on site.


                               11/23/2011   4
• The system is more complicated than
 the sensor to panel type.
• Different operating skills are required,
 such as system analysts and
 programmer.
• With thousands of sensors there is
 still a lot of wire to deal with.
• The operator can see only as far as
 the PLC.




                                 11/23/2011   5
   A SCADA System consists of a number of
    Remote Terminal Units (or RTUs) collecting
    field data and sending that data back to a
    master station via a communications system.
   The master station displays the acquired data
    and also allows the operator to perform remote
    control tasks.

   On a more complex SCADA system there are
  essentially five levels or hierarchies:
• Field level instrumentation and control devices
• Marshalling terminals and RTUs
• Communications system
• The master station(s)
• The commercial data processing department
  computer system



                                       11/23/2011    6
 SCADA Software can be divided into two
  types, Proprietary or Open.Companies
  develop proprietary software to
  communicate to their hardware.
 SCADA and Local Area Networks
 To enable all the nodes on the SCADA
  network to share information, they
  must be connected by some
  transmission medium.
 The method of connection is known as
  the network topology.
 Ethernet is the most widely used LAN
  today because it is cheap and easy to
  use.
                              11/23/2011   7
 Modem       Use in SCADA Systems
   Often in SCADA systems the RTU
    (Remote Terminal Unit (PLC, DCS or
    IED)) is located at a remote location.
   One of the most cost-effective ways of
    communicating with the RTU over long
    distances can be by dialup telephone
    connection.




                                 11/23/2011   8
 System     Implementation
   When first planning and designing a
    SCADA system, consideration should
    be given to integrating new SCADA
    systems into existing communication
    networks in order to avoid the
    substantial cost of setting up new
    infrastructure and communications
    facilities.




                                11/23/2011   9
1
11/23/2011   0
   The SCADA Software Package
   Whilst performance and efficiency of the SCADA
    package with the current plant is important, the
    package should be easily upgradeable to handle
    future requirement.

   There have been two main approaches to follow in
    designing the SCADA system:

• Centralized, where a single computer or mainframe
  performs all
plant monitoring and all plant data is stored on one
  database which
resides on this computer.

• Distributed, where the SCADA system is shared
  across several small
computers (usually PCs).


                                                          1
                                             11/23/2011   1
•   Input/Output Task.           This program is the interface between
  the control
and monitoring system and the plant floor.


•   Alarm Task.      This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm
points and comparing the values of analog alarm points to alarm
thresholds.


•   Trends Task.        The trends task collects data to be monitored
    over time.


•   Reports Task. Reports are produced from plant data. These
  reports
can be periodic, event triggered or activated by the operator.


•   Display Task.         This manages all data to be monitored by the
  operator
and all control actions requested by the operator.




                                                                          1
                                                          11/23/2011      2
 A Protocol controls the message format
  common to all devices on a network.
 Common protocols used in radio
  communications and telemetry systems include
  the HDLC, MPT1317 and Modbus protocols. The
  CSMA/CD protocol format is also used.
 Introduction to Protocols
 The transmission of information (both
  directions) between the master station and
  RTUs using time division multiplexing
  techniques requires the use of serial digital
  messages.
 These messages must be
  efficient, secure, flexible, and easily
  implemented in hardware and software.

   Efficiency is defined as:
   Information Bits Transmitted ÷ Total Bits
    Transmitted
                                                     1
                                        11/23/2011   3
1
11/23/2011   4
 HDLC has been defined by the
  International Standards Organization for
  use on both multipoint and point-to-point
  links. HDLC is a bit based protocol. The
  two most common modes of operation of
  HDLC are:
 Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM):
  This is used with only one primary (or
  master) station initiating all transactions.
 Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM):

    In this mode each node has equal status
  and can act as either a secondary or
  primary node.

                                                 1
                                   11/23/2011    5
1
11/23/2011   6
   The CSMA/CD protocol is not as
    comprehensive as HDLC and is
    concerned with the method used to
    get data on and off the physical
    medium.
   HDLC and CSMA/CD can be
    incorporated together for a more
    complete protocol.




                                             1
                                11/23/2011   7
The rapid advances in communications
 technology are an important driving
 force in the new SCADA system.
• Rapid Improvement in LAN
 Technology for Master Stations
• Man Machine Interface
• Remote Terminal Units
• Communications




                                         1
                            11/23/2011   8
Typical considerations when putting a SCADA system
  together are:
 Overall control requirements
• Sequence logic
• Analog loop control
• Ratio and number of analog to digital points
• Speed of control and data acquisition
 Master/Operator control stations
• Type of displays required
• Historical archiving requirements
 System consideration
• Reliability/availability
• Speed of communications/update time/system scan
  rates
• System redundancy
• Expansion capability
• Application software and modeling


                                                       1
                                         11/23/2011    9
Obviously a SCADA system's initial cost has to be justified. A
  few typical reasons for implementing a SCADA system are:

• Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in
   savings due
to optimization of the system
• Increased productivity of the personnel
• Improved safety of the system due to better information and
improved control
• Protection of the plant equipment
• Safeguarding the environment from a failure of the system
• Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant
• Improved and quicker receipt of data so that clients can be
   invoiced
more quickly and accurately




                                                                   2
                                                  11/23/2011       0
2
11/23/2011   1

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SCADA

  • 1. BY-AMAR PRASHANT EIE-7TH SEM 348074006. 11/23/2011 1
  • 2. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) has been around as long as there have been control systems.  The first “SCADA” systems utilized data acquisition by means of panels of meters, lights and strip chart recorders.  Supervisory control was exercised by the operator manually operating various control knobs.  These devices were and still are used to do supervisory control and data acquisition on plants, factories and power generating facilities. 11/23/2011 2
  • 3. SCADA refers to the combination of telemetry and data acquisition.  SCADA encompasses the collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of operator screens or displays. The required control actions are then conveyed back to the process. 11/23/2011 3
  • 4. • The computer can record and store a very large amount of data. • The data can be displayed in any way the user requires. • Thousands of sensors over a wide area can be connected to the system. • The operator can incorporate real data simulations into the system. • Many types of data can be collected from the RTUs. • The data can be viewed from anywhere, not just on site. 11/23/2011 4
  • 5. • The system is more complicated than the sensor to panel type. • Different operating skills are required, such as system analysts and programmer. • With thousands of sensors there is still a lot of wire to deal with. • The operator can see only as far as the PLC. 11/23/2011 5
  • 6. A SCADA System consists of a number of Remote Terminal Units (or RTUs) collecting field data and sending that data back to a master station via a communications system.  The master station displays the acquired data and also allows the operator to perform remote control tasks. On a more complex SCADA system there are essentially five levels or hierarchies: • Field level instrumentation and control devices • Marshalling terminals and RTUs • Communications system • The master station(s) • The commercial data processing department computer system 11/23/2011 6
  • 7.  SCADA Software can be divided into two types, Proprietary or Open.Companies develop proprietary software to communicate to their hardware.  SCADA and Local Area Networks  To enable all the nodes on the SCADA network to share information, they must be connected by some transmission medium.  The method of connection is known as the network topology.  Ethernet is the most widely used LAN today because it is cheap and easy to use. 11/23/2011 7
  • 8.  Modem Use in SCADA Systems  Often in SCADA systems the RTU (Remote Terminal Unit (PLC, DCS or IED)) is located at a remote location.  One of the most cost-effective ways of communicating with the RTU over long distances can be by dialup telephone connection. 11/23/2011 8
  • 9.  System Implementation  When first planning and designing a SCADA system, consideration should be given to integrating new SCADA systems into existing communication networks in order to avoid the substantial cost of setting up new infrastructure and communications facilities. 11/23/2011 9
  • 11. The SCADA Software Package  Whilst performance and efficiency of the SCADA package with the current plant is important, the package should be easily upgradeable to handle future requirement.  There have been two main approaches to follow in designing the SCADA system: • Centralized, where a single computer or mainframe performs all plant monitoring and all plant data is stored on one database which resides on this computer. • Distributed, where the SCADA system is shared across several small computers (usually PCs). 1 11/23/2011 1
  • 12. Input/Output Task. This program is the interface between the control and monitoring system and the plant floor. • Alarm Task. This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm points and comparing the values of analog alarm points to alarm thresholds. • Trends Task. The trends task collects data to be monitored over time. • Reports Task. Reports are produced from plant data. These reports can be periodic, event triggered or activated by the operator. • Display Task. This manages all data to be monitored by the operator and all control actions requested by the operator. 1 11/23/2011 2
  • 13.  A Protocol controls the message format common to all devices on a network.  Common protocols used in radio communications and telemetry systems include the HDLC, MPT1317 and Modbus protocols. The CSMA/CD protocol format is also used.  Introduction to Protocols  The transmission of information (both directions) between the master station and RTUs using time division multiplexing techniques requires the use of serial digital messages.  These messages must be efficient, secure, flexible, and easily implemented in hardware and software.  Efficiency is defined as:  Information Bits Transmitted ÷ Total Bits Transmitted 1 11/23/2011 3
  • 15.  HDLC has been defined by the International Standards Organization for use on both multipoint and point-to-point links. HDLC is a bit based protocol. The two most common modes of operation of HDLC are:  Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM): This is used with only one primary (or master) station initiating all transactions.  Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM): In this mode each node has equal status and can act as either a secondary or primary node. 1 11/23/2011 5
  • 17. The CSMA/CD protocol is not as comprehensive as HDLC and is concerned with the method used to get data on and off the physical medium.  HDLC and CSMA/CD can be incorporated together for a more complete protocol. 1 11/23/2011 7
  • 18. The rapid advances in communications technology are an important driving force in the new SCADA system. • Rapid Improvement in LAN Technology for Master Stations • Man Machine Interface • Remote Terminal Units • Communications 1 11/23/2011 8
  • 19. Typical considerations when putting a SCADA system together are:  Overall control requirements • Sequence logic • Analog loop control • Ratio and number of analog to digital points • Speed of control and data acquisition  Master/Operator control stations • Type of displays required • Historical archiving requirements  System consideration • Reliability/availability • Speed of communications/update time/system scan rates • System redundancy • Expansion capability • Application software and modeling 1 11/23/2011 9
  • 20. Obviously a SCADA system's initial cost has to be justified. A few typical reasons for implementing a SCADA system are: • Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in savings due to optimization of the system • Increased productivity of the personnel • Improved safety of the system due to better information and improved control • Protection of the plant equipment • Safeguarding the environment from a failure of the system • Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant • Improved and quicker receipt of data so that clients can be invoiced more quickly and accurately 2 11/23/2011 0