The document discusses different types of shock, including hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, septic, traumatic, neurogenic, and hypoadrenal shock. It defines shock as a life-threatening condition characterized by a reduction in circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion. The pathogenesis of different types of shock is explained, noting how reduced blood supply can lead to cellular injury and anoxia in tissues. Clinical features common to many types of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria or anuria, and alterations in mental state. Specific causes and effects of hypovolaemic, cardiogenic and septic shock are detailed.
3. CONTENTS
• DEFINITION
• TYPES OF SHOCK
• CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK
• PATHOGENESIS OF SHOCK
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK
• CLINICAL FEATURES
• EFFECT OF SHOCK ON VARIOUS ORGANS
• THERAPEUTICS
4. DEFINITION
Shock is a condition in which the
cardiovascular system fails to
perfuse tissues adequately
5. It is a life- threatening clinical syndrome
of cardiovascular collapse characterized
by :-
An acute reduction of effective
circulating blood volume
(HYPOTENSION)
Inadequate tissue perfusion of cells
and tissues (HYPOPERFUSION)
6. TYPES OF SHOCK
TRUE (SECONDARY)
SHOCK
• IMBALANCE BETWEEN
OXYGEN SUPPLY AND
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
INITIAL (PRIMARY)
SHOCK
• SUDDEN REDUCTION IN
THE VENOUS RETURN TO
THE HEART
19. CAUSES
LOSS OF RED CELL MASS DUE TO
HAEMORRHAGE
MAJOR EFFECTS ARE :-
DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
LOW INTRACARDIAC PRESSURE
20. CLINICAL FEATURES
INCREASED HEART RATE (TACHYCARDIA)
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPOTENSION)
LOW URINARY OUTPUT (OLIGURIA TO
ANURIA)
ALTERATION IN MENTAL STATE
(AGITATED TO CONFUSED TO LETHARGIC)
22. CAUSES
SEVERE LEFT VENTRICULAR
DYSFUCNTION FROM VARIOUS CAUSES
SUCH AS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
MAJOR EFFECTS ARE :-
DECREASED TISSUE PERFUSION
MOVEMENT OF FLUID FROM PULMONARY
VASCULAR BED INTO PULMONARY
INTERSTITIAL
SPACE INITIALLY & LATER INTO
ALVEOLAR SPACES
23. CLINICAL FEATURES
SUDDEN, RAPID HEARTBEAT
(TACHYCARDIA)
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
WEAK PULSE
SWEATING
URINATING LESS THAN NORMAL OR NOT
AT ALL
RAPID BREATHING
SEVERE SHORTNESS OF BREATH
25. CAUSES
RESULTS MOST OFTEN GRAM-NEGATIVE
BACTERIA & LESS OFTEN FROM
GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
EFFECTS
IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION
SEVERE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
26. CLINICAL FEATURES
COOL,PALE ARMS & LEGS
HIGH OR VERY LOW TEMPERATURE,
CHILLS
LIGHT HEADEDNESS
LITTLE OR NO URINE
LOW B.P. , ESP. WHEN STANDING
PALPITATIONS
RAPID HEART RATE
RESTLESSNESS, AGITATIONS, LETHARGY
CONFUSION