The document provides information about the classification of living organisms. It discusses that biologists have created a system to classify organisms based on their similarities and differences, with more similar organisms classified together. It also describes some of the basic classification ranks from domain to species. The purpose of classification is to simplify the study of the diversity of life.

1. Classification
of
Living
Organisms

2. • To simplify our study, biologists have
created a system used to classify living
organisms.
• Living organisms are classified based on
their similarities and differences.
• Living organisms with more similarities are
classified into one category.
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3. A. Diversity of Living Organisms
• Living organisms have different
characteristics, some are large in size and
some are small.
• Living organisms may also have different
shapes and colors.
• Their habitats may be in the water, or on/in
the land
• These show that there is a diversity of living
organisms on Earth.
• The diversity of living organisms is called the
biodiversity.
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4. 1. Similarities and differences between living
organisms
Table The differences between a corn plant and a
peanut plant
Organ Corn (Monocot) Peanut (Dicot)
Root Fibrous root Tap root
Stem Clear and visible No segmentation
segmentation
Leaf Long and ribbon-like Almost round with
with parallel veins pinnately netted
veins
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8. 2. Species Diversity
• Are cats able to breed with dogs and produce
offspring?
• The answer is definitely “NO”, because they are
classified into different species.
• However, if a cat breeds with another cat which
are similar in species, then they are able to
produce fertile offspring.
• It can be concluded that living organisms which
are classified into the same species, are able to
breed with each other and produce fertile
offspring.
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9. 3. Diversity of a species (variety)
• If we observe two living organisms from the same
species, we will find several differences.
• For example, in cats we find differences in the
color of their fur, body heights or sizes.
• Differences in diversity of living organisms
within the same species is called variety.
• Another example of variety is in roses, rose
flowers can be red, yellow, or white.
• Can you mention the variety in humans?
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11. B. The Classification of Living
Organisms
• The purpose in classifying living organisms is
to make it easier for us in knowing and studying
living organisms.
• we will learn 3 kinds of classification ;
1. simple classification
2. classification according to Carolus Linnaeus
3. classification according to Robert H.
Whittaker
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12. 1. Simple Classification
• Simple classification is done based on
similarities of habitat, food types, or function.
• The classification of living organisms based on
their habitat, for example ;
a. xerophytes are plants which are able to
survive in an environment with little
availability of water or moisture.
b. hydrophytes are plants which have adapted
to living in or on an aquatic environment.
c. hygrophytes are plants which grow in a
moist habitat.
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14. • The classification of living organisms based
on their food types, for example ;
a. Herbivores ; feed on plants only
b. Carnivores ; feed on animals only
c. Omnivores ; feed on both animals and
plants
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15. • Plants classification based on their function,
for example ;
a. Plants use for clothing
b. Plants for food
c. Plants for medicine
d. Plants for furniture
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16. 2. Classification according to
Carolus Linnaeus
• A subdivision of biology which is related to the
science of classifying living organisms is called
taxonomy.
• The person who first developed the basics of
taxonomy was Carolus Linnaeus. That is why he
is called the father of taxonomy.
• Carolus Linnaeus classified living organisms
based on the similarities and the differences of
the body structures of living organisms.
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17. Carolus Linnaeus,
the father of
taxonomy
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18. • According to Carolus Linnaeus, living organisms
can be divided into two main groups ; the
kingdom of plants and the kingdom of animals.
• Carolus Linnaeus created a classification system
which is internationally acknowledged and
continuously used until now.
• The international classification system has been
sequenced into a hierarchical method, starting
from the highest level to the lowest.
• Every level in this classification system is called a
taxon. Created by Alfi Msk_a biology teacher of
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19. • A taxon is composed starting from the group
with the most common characteristics (the
highest taxon) to the group with the most
specific characteristics (the lowest taxon).
• The taxonomic rank for plants and animals
from the highest to the lowest level can be
seen in diagram below
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20. Kingdom of Plantae Kingdom of Animalia
taxon taxon
Division Phylum
Class Class
Order Order
Family Family
Genus Genus
Species Species
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22. • So, the higher group means more different in
characteristics and it has more members.
• The lower group means more similar in
characteristics and it has less member.
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23. Naming Organisms
1. The name of a species consist of a two-part
name in Latin.
2. The first part is the genus and must be
written with uppercase, the second part is an
indication of species and must be written
with lowercase.
3. The species name is written in italics or non-
italics but underlined.
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24. 4. If the name more than 2 words, so between
the second and the third word must give a
connection.
• For example ;
a. Mangifera indica
Uppercase Lowercase
b. Zae mays
c. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
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25. 3. Classification according to Robert
H. whittaker
• Living organisms may be grouped into five
kingdoms, they are ;
1. Kingdom of Monera
 The word monera comes from the Greek,
moneres, which means one and only.
 The members of the kingdom of Monera are
organisms which have only one cell.
 Its members are Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
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26. General characteristics of the kingdom of Monera
are as follows ;
1. unicelluler
2. they do not possess a nuclear envelope,
therefore it is called a procaryote
Bacteria are ubiquitous (live in all habitats) on
Earth.
Some bacteria are advantegous, for example, to
help dissolve digestive waste in the colon.
They are also harmful bacteria, for example,
bacteria which cause typhoid, tuberculosis, and
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27. • There are 3 forms of bacteria ; coccus
(spherical-shape), bacillus (straight and rod-
shape), spirillum (long and helical-shape).
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28. Created by Alfi Msk_a biology teacher of
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29. • Cyanobacteria live in the water as poducers,
and as food for fish and shrimp.
• Cyanobacteria can be utilized to fertilize farm
soil.
• For example, Anabaena azollae, Nostoc
commune, Oscillatoria sp.
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30. 2. Kingdom of Protista
 Protista has the following characteristics ;
1. Unicellular, usually found in an aquatic
environment, however some of them also live
in the ground or as parasites inside other
organisms.
2. The nucleus is covered with a nuclear
envelope, it is called eucaryote
3. Protista can reproduce by binary fission, some
of them also undergo conjugation.
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31.  A protista is divided into several simple groups ;
1. Protozoa (animal-like protist)
2. Algae (plant-like protist)
3. Myxomycota and Oomycota (fungus-like
protist)
 Protozoa is classified into 4 groups ;
1. Rhizopoda ; moves using pseudopodia, ex.
Amoeba sp.
2. Flagellata ; moves with flagella, ex.
Trypanosoma gambiensi
3. Ciliata ; moves using cilia, ex. Paramaecium
caudatum
4. Sporozoa ; doesn’t have any specific moving
mechanism, ex. Plasmodium sp.
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37.  Algae live in freshwater, seawater, and moist
environment.
 Algae is classified according to their pigmen
color ;
1. Green algae (Chlorophyta)
ex. Spirogyra, Chlorella.
2. Golden algae (Chrysophyta)
ex. Dinobryon,Vaucheria.
3. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
ex. Sargassum, Fucus.
4. Red algae (Rhodophyta)
ex. Eucheuma, Gelidium.
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38. Chlorophyta
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39. Chrysophyta
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40. Phaeophyta
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41. Rhodophyta
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42.  Myxomycota have a similar reproduction
method to fungi through the production of
spores, in the vegetative phase of a
plasmodial slime mold they are able to
move like an Amoeba.
ex. Plasmodial slime molds
Oomycota produce spore which are called
oospora. Oospora are thick-walled spores
which are highly resilient to extreme
environments and continue growing to be
new hypha.
ex. Water molds
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43. Plasmodial slime molds
Water molds
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44. 3. Kingdom of Fungus
The characteristics of fungus are ;
1. Most are multicellular in form and some are single-
celled
2. Multicellular fungus consists of filaments called
hyphae which are long, a mass of connected hyphae is
called a mycelium.
3. Posses a nuclear envelope (eukaryote)
4. Live in moist environments and reproduce with
spores
5. They do not have chlorophyll, therefore live as
saprophyte or as parasites on animals, plants and
humans.
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45. Based on their sexual reproduction mechanisms,
fungi divided into 4 divisions, they are ;
1. Zygomycota, which sexual reproduction is
characterized by zygospores. Ex. Rhizopus
2. Basidiomycota, which sexual reproduction is
characterized by basidiospores. Ex. Volvariella
volvacea
3. Ascomycota, which sexual reproduction is
characterized by ascospores. Ex. Penicillium
notatum
4. Deuteromycota, its sexual reproduction has
never been observed. Ex. Monilia sitophyla
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48. 4. Kingdom of Plantae
The characteristics of kingdom plantae are ;
1. Multicellular
2. The plant cells have cell wall and a nuclear
envelope (eukaryote)
3. They have chlorophyll
Based on the have of vascular tissue, kingdom
plantae has been classified into 2 groups ;
1. non-vascular plants ; Bryophyta
2. Vascular plants ; Pterydophytes and
Spermatophyta
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49. a. Bryophyta (Moss)
• They live in moist environments
• Consist of parts which look like roots, stems, and leaves.
• The root-like structures are called rhizoid, and its
function is to adhere bryophyta to the substrate and to
absorb water.
• Moss go through certain life cycles, consisting of the
sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase.
• Moss classified into 3 division ;
1.Liverworts (Hepaticophyta),
2.Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta),
3.Moss (Bryophyta)
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50. Liverworts
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51. Hornworts
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52. Moss
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53. b. Pterydophyta (Fern)
• Ferns have vascular tissues, that consist of 2
types xylem and phloem.
• Ferns have roots, stems, and true leaves with
chlorophyll.
• Ferns do not produce flowers.
• New leaves usually curl, on the underside of
mature fertile leaves there are many blackish
brown masses, each of these masses is called
sorus.
• Ferns go through certain life cycles ; the
sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase.
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54. Fern new leaf
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55. Mature leaf with sorus
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56. • Ferns are divided into 4 division ;
1. Psylophyta, which do not have true roots and
leaves. Ex. Psilotum sp.
2. Lycophyta, which have true roots and leaves.
Ex. Lycopodium sp., Selaginella sp.
3. Sphenophyta, ex. Equisetum sp.
4. Pterydophyta, often referred as true ferns.
Ex. Asplenium nidus (bird’s nest ferns),
Cyathea australis (tree ferns), Adiantum
cuneatum (maidenhair ferns)
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57. Lycopodium sp. Selaginella sp.
Psilotum sp.
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58. Equisetum sp. Asplenium nidus Cyathea australis
Adiantum cuneatum
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59. c. Spermatophytes (seed plants)
• Spermae means “seed” and phytes means “plants”
• Another name is anthophytes ; antho means flower and
phytes means plants
• Spermatophytes are included in vascular plants
• They have roots, stems, and true leaves
• Reproduce with seeds
• Based on the position of yhe seeds, they are classified into 2
groups ;
1. The naked-seeded plants (Gymnospermae)
2. Enclosed-seeded plants (Angiospermae)
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60. 1. Gymnospermae (naked-seeded plants)
• Gymnos = naked, spermae = seed
• The ovules are exposed and are not enclosed by ovary wall during
pollination
• they have cone-shaped ovules as their reproductive cells
• They do not lose their leaves in the dry season
• Example ;
 Gnetum gnemon (melinjo),
 Cycas rumphii (pakis haji),
 Agathis alba (pine),
 Abies balsamea (balsam),
 Ginkgo biloba (ginko)
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61. Male melinjo flowers Female melinjo flowers
Gnetum gnemon (melinjo)
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62. Male Pakis Haji flowers Female Pakis Haji flowers
Cycas rumphii (pakis haji)
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63. Agathis alba (pine)
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64. Abies balsamea (balsam)
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65. Ginkgo biloba (ginko)
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66. 2. Angiospermae enclosed-seeded plant
• Angio = enclose, spermae = seed
• Also called flowering plants
• They have flower as their reproductive organs
• Based on the number of cotyledon (embryonic seed leaf), they
are classified into dicot and monocot
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67. Created by Alfi Msk_a biology teacher of GIS JH

68. Dicots
• Have 2 cotyledons
• The 2 cotyledons are clearly visible when the seeds are
germinating
• Dicots have a taproot
• The stems are able to thicken because they have cambium
• The xylem and phloem are well-arranged in the vascular system
• The leaf venation of dicots are usually pinnately (like fins) or
palmately (like fingers)
• The flowers are usually in multiples of 4 or 5
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71. Monocots
• Have one cotyledon
• Have fibrous root
• The stem has internodes but are lacking branches and
cambiums
• The xylem and phloem in the vascular system are scattered
• The leaves have a ribbon-like appearance with parallel veins
• The flowers are usually in multiples of 3
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