1. Developmental Psychology
The study of YOU from womb to tomb.
We are going to study how we change physically,
socially, cognitively and morally over our lifetimes.

2. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz
Answer True or False for the following questions
• 1. Even complex human traits are determined by a
single gene
• 2. People’s divorce risks are about 50% attributable
to genetic factors
• 3. Adoptees’ traits bear more similar to their
adoptive parents than to their biological parents
• 4. Two different children in the same family are on
average as different from one another as are pairs of
children selected from the general population

3. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz cont
• 5. If after a worldwide catastrophe only
Icelanders and Kenyans survived, the human
species would soon be just as mixed and
diverse as it is now
• 6. A child who hears English spoken with one
accent at home and another in the
neighborhood or at school adopts the
accent of their peers, not their parents
• 7. Compared with Westerners, people in
Japan exhibit greater concern for social
harmony and loyalty

4. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz cont
• 8. Seven weeks after conception, males and
females remain anatomically identical
• 9. Even when families discourage gender
typing, children still organize themselves into
“boy worlds” and “girl worlds”

5. Heredity vs. Environment
• Heredity- characteristics obtained directly
from the genes
• Environment- person’s surroundings (which
influence a person’s characteristics)

6. Genetics
• Every human cell
contains 46
chromosomes (23 pairs).
• Made up of
deoxyribonucleic acid-
DNA.
• Made up of Genes.
• Made up of nucleotides.

7. Twins
• Best way to really study
genetics because they
come from the same
zygote.
• Bouchard Study
• .69 Correlational
coefficient for IQ tests
of identical twins raised
apart.
• .88 raised together.

8. Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Gender comes from
23rd pair of
chromosomes…men
have XY…woman have
XX.
• Turner’s syndrome is
single X.
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
is extra X…XXY
• Down syndrome….extra
chromosome on 21st
pair.

9. Nature Versus Nurture
While going through
this unit what should
always be in the
back of your head….
Are you who you are
because of:
• The way you were
born- Nature.
• The way you were
raised- Nurture.

10. Research Methods
Cross-Sectional Studies Longitudinal Studies
• Participants of • One group of people
different ages studied studied over a period of
at the same time. time.

11. Physical Development
• Focus on our physical changes over time.

12. Prenatal Development
• Conception begins
with the drop of an
egg and the release
of about 200 million
sperm.
• The sperm seeks out
the egg and
attempts to
penetrate the eggs
surface.

13. • Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have
a fertilized egg called……..
The Zygote
The first stage of
prenatal development.
Lasts about two weeks
and consists of rapid
cell division.

14. Zygotes
• Less than half of all
zygotes survive first
two weeks.
• About 10 days after
conception, the zygote
will attach itself to the
uterine wall.
• The outer part of the
zygote becomes the
placenta (which filters
nutrients).

15. After two weeks, the zygote develops
into an…. Embryo
• Lasts about 6 weeks.
• Heart begins to beat
and the organs begin
to develop.

16. Fetus
• By nine weeks we have a…
• The fetus by about the
6th month, the stomach
and other organs have
formed enough to survive
outside of mother.
• At this time the baby can
hear (and recognize)
sounds and respond to
light.

17. Teratogens
• Chemical agents that
can harm the prenatal
environment.
• Alcohol (FAS)
• Other STDs can harm
the baby…..
• HIV
• Herpes
• Genital Warts

18. Childbirth

19. Healthy Newborns
• Turn head towards
voices .
• See 8 to 12 inches
from their faces.
• Gaze longer at
human like objects
right from birth.

20. Reflexes
• Inborn automatic
responses.
• Rooting
• Sucking
• Grasping
• Moro
• Babinski

21. Reflexes
Rooting
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=jACAgjbOhmk
Moro
Babinski
http://www.youtube.com/
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=oI_ONptx2Ns
watch?v=X_bAQDOOgq
0

22. Bellringer #2
• List 3 things you think about when you hear
maturation.

23. Maturation
• Physical growth,
regardless of the
environment.
• Although the timing
of our growth may
be different, the
sequence is almost
always the same.

24. Puberty
• The period of
sexual
maturation,
during which a
person becomes
capable of
reproducing.

25. Primary Sexual Characteristics
• Body
structures
Penis
that make
reproduction
Testes
possible.
Vagina
Ovaries

26. Secondary Sexual
• Non- Characteristics
reproductive
sexual Body Hair
characteristics.
Widening of the Hips
Deeper Voice Breast Development

27. Landmarks for Puberty
• Menarche for girls.
• First ejaculation for
boys.

28. Adulthood
• All physical
abilities
essentially
peak by our
mid twenties.

29. Adulthood
• Then its
all goes
downhill.

30. Physical Milestones
• Menopause

31. Life Expectancy
• Life Expectancy
keeps increasing-
now about 75.
• Women outlive men
by about 4 years.
• But more men are
conceived 126 to
100. Then 105 to
100 by birth. In
other words, men die
easier.

32. Death • Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s
Stages of Death/Grief.
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_Z3lmidmrY

33. Social Development
• Up until about a year,
infants do not mind
strange people (maybe
because everyone is
strange to them).
• At about a year,
infants develop
stranger anxiety.
• Why do you think it
starts at about a
year?

34. Attachment
• The most important
social construct an
infant must develop is
attachment (a bond
with a caregiver).
• Lorenz discovered
that some animals
form attachment
through imprinting.

35. Attachment
• Harry Harlow and
his monkeys.
• Harry showed that
monkeys needed
touch to form
attachment.
• http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=hsA5S
ec6dAI

36. Attachment
• Critical Periods: the
optimal period shortly
after birth when an
organism’s exposure to
certain stimuli or
experiences produce
proper development.
• Those who are deprived of
touch have trouble forming
attachment when they are
older.

37. Types of Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth’s
Strange Situation.
• Three types of
attachment:
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious/ambivalent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHP_NikTkao

38. Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents
• Have strict rules and expectations.
• Very demanding, but not responsive.
• Don't express much warmth or nurturing.
• Utilize punishments with little or no explanation
• Don't give children choices or options.
Children of Authoritarian Parents
• Tend to associate obedience and success with
love.
• Some children display more aggressive behavior
outside the home.
• Others may act fearful or overly shy around
others.
• Often have lower self-esteem.
• Have difficulty in social situations.

39. Parenting Styles
Permissive Parents Children of Permissive Parents
• Lack self-discipline
• Have few rules or standards of behavior
• When there are rules, they are often very inconsistent
• Sometimes have poor social skills
• Are usually very nurturing and loving towards their kids
• Often seem more like a friend, rather than a parent. • May be self-involved and
• May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food as a means
demanding
to get child to behave
• May feel insecure due to the lack
of boundaries and guidance

40. Parenting Styles
Authoritative Parents
• Listen to their children
Children of Authoritative
Parent
• Encourage independence • Tend to have a happier dispositions
• Place limits, consequences and • Have good emotional control and
expectations on their children's regulation
behavior
• Develop good social skills
• Express warmth and nurturance • Are self-confident about their abilities to
learn new skills
• Allow children to express opinions
• Encourage children to discuss options
• Administer fair and consistent
discipline

41. Stage Theorists
• These psychologists
believe that we
travel from stage to
stage throughout
our lifetimes.

42. Sigmund Freud
• We all have a libido
(sexual drive).
• Our libido travels to
different areas of our
body throughout our
development.
• If we become
preoccupied with any one
area, Freud said we have
become fixated on it.
• Together Freud called
these stages our
Psychosexual Stages of
Development.

43. Oral Stage
• Seek pleasure
through out mouths.
• Babies put
everything in their
mouths (0-2).
• People fixated in
this stage tend to
overeat, smoke or
have a childhood
dependence on
things.

44. Anal Stage
• Develops during
toilet training (2-4).
• Libido is focused on
controlling waste and
expelling waste.
• A person fixated
may become overly
controlling
(retentive) or out of Click to see a classic example of anal
retentive and anal expulsive behaviors.
control (expulsive).

45. Phallic Stage
• Children first
recognize their
gender (4-7).
• Causes conflict in
families with the
Oedipus and Electra
Complexes.
• Fixation can cause
later problems in
relationships.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA35ys91QJU

46. Latency Stage
• Libido is hidden
(7-11).
• Cooties stage.
• Freud believed
that fixation in
this stage could
lead to sexual
issues.

47. Genital Stage
• Libido is focused on
their genitals (12-
death).
• Freud thought
fixation in this stage
is normal.

48. Erik Erikson
• A neo-Freudian
• Worked with Anna
Freud
• Thought our personality
was influenced by our
experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial
Development.
• Each stage centers on a
social conflict.

49. Trust v. Mistrust
• Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its
needs?
• The trust or
mistrust they
develop can carry on
with the child for
the rest of their
lives.

50. Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt
• Toddlers begin to
control their bodies
(toilet training).
• Control Temper
Tantrums
• Big word is “NO”
• Can they learn
control or will they
doubt themselves?

51. Initiative V. Guilt
• Word turns from
“NO” to “WHY?”
• Want to understand
the world and ask
questions.
• Is there curiosity
encouraged or
scolded?

52. Industry v. Inferiority
• School begins
• We are for the first
time evaluated by a
formal system and our
peers.
• Do we feel good or bad
about our
accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling
bad about ourselves for
the rest of our
lives…inferiority
complex.

53. Identity v. Role Confusion
• In our teenage years
we try out different
roles.
• Who am I?
• What group do I fit
in with?
• If I do not find
myself I may
develop an identity
crisis.

54. Intimacy v. Isolation
• Have to balance
work and
relationships.
• What are my
priorities?

55. Marriage
• At least a 5 to 1
ratio of positive to
negative interactions
is a clear indicator
of a healthy
relationship.

56. Generativity v. Stagnation
• Is everything going
as planned?
• Am I happy with
what I created?
• Mid –life crisis!!!

57. Integrity v. Despair
• Look back on life.
• Was my life
meaningful or do I
have regret?

58. Cognitive Development
• It was thought that
kids were just stupid
versions of adults.
• Then came along
Jean Piaget
• Kids learn
differently than
adults

59. Right now in your head,
Schemas picture a model.
• Children view the
world through
schemas (as do adults
for the most part). These 3
• Schemas are ways we probably fit into
interpret the world your concept
around us. (schema) of a
model.
• It is basically what
you picture in your But does this
head when you think one?
of anything.

60. If I teach my 3 year
Assimilation
that an animal with 4
legs and a tail is a
dog….
• Incorporating new
experiences into
existing schemas.
What schema would you assimilate this
into?
Or this?
What
would he
call this?

61. Assimilation in High School
• When you first meet
somebody, you will
assimilate them into
a schema that you
already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this,
what schema would you assimilate them
into?
•Would you always be right?

62. Accommodation
• Changing an
existing
schema to
adopt to new
information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their
schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to
accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.

63. Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Stage
• Experience the
world through our
senses.
• Do NOT have object
permanence.
• 0-2
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=cSGWh2CWJnA

64. Preoperational Stage
http://www.youtube.
• 2-7
com/watch?v=OinqF • Have object
gsIbh0 permanence
• Begin to use language to
represent objects and
ideas
• Egocentric: cannot look
at the world through
anyone’s eyes but their
own.
• Do NOT understand
concepts of
conservation.

65. Conservation
• Conservation refers
to the idea that a
quantity remains the
same despite
changes in
appearance and is
part of logical
thinking.

66. Concrete Operational Stage
• Can demonstrate
concept of
conservation.
• Learn to think
logically

67. Formal Operational Stage
• Abstract reasoning
• What would the world
• Manipulate objects
look like with no light?
in our minds without
• Picture god seeing them
• What way do you best • Hypothesis testing
learn?
• Trial and Error
• Metacognition
• Not every adult gets
to this stage

68. Criticisms of Piaget
• Some say he
underestimates the
abilities of children.
• Information-
Processing Model says
children to not learn in
stages but rather a
gradual continuous
growth.
• Studies show that our
attention span grows
gradually over time.

69. Types of Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence
• Accumulated knowledge. • Ability to solve
• Increases with age. problems quickly and
think abstractly.
• Peaks in the 20’s and
then decreases over
time.

70. Moral Development
Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!

72. Pre-conventional Morality
• Morality based on
rewards and
punishments.
• If you are rewarded
then it is OK.
• If you are punished,
the act must be
wrong.

73. Conventional Morality
• Look at morality
based on how others
see you.
• If your peers , or
society, thinks it is
wrong, then so do
you.

74. Post-Conventional Morality
• Based on self-
defined ethical
principles.
• Your own personal
set of ethics.

75. Criticisms of Kohlberg
• Carol Gilligan pointed
Heinz Example of Morality
out that Kohlberg
only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have
more absolute value
of morality.
• Girls tend top look
at situational
factors.

76. Gender Development
• Biology (neuroscience)
perspective: Corpus
Callosum larger in
woman.
• Psychodynamic
perspective:
Competition for
opposite sex parent.
• Social-Cognitive
Perspective : Gender
Schema Theory
• Behavioral Perspective:
Social Learning Theory

77. Evolutionary Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the
evolution of behavior and the mind, using the
principles of natural selection
• Natural Selection- the principle that, among
the range of inherited trait variations, those
that lead to increase reproduction and survival
will most likely be passed on to succeeding
generations

78. Evolutionary Psychology
• World wide, men preferred attractive
physical features suggesting youth and
health and women preferred resources and
social status

79. Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Individualism- giving priority to one’s own goals
over group goals and defining one’s identity in
terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications
• Collectivism- giving priority to the goals of one’s
group (often one’s extended family or work group)
and defining one’s identity accordingly
• Western cultures (America/Europe) tend to be more
individualist than Eastern cultures (Asia/Africa)

80. Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity;
fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles