1. Grammar
definitions

2. Subject – the person or
thing that is being
described or is doing
something. Ex. Mary is
singing. Mary is the
subject of the sentence.
The pencil is blue.

3. Verb – The verb is the
action word in a sentence
like run or sing, or a word
like “am,” “is,” or “are” that
links the subject to a
description.

4. Subject pronouns – In a
sentence nouns can be
replaced by pronouns to
avoid repetition. When the
subject is replaced by a
pronoun you use the subject
pronouns. Ex. Mary is
replaced by “she.”

5. Adjectives – Words that
describe nouns

6. Gender and number
• Gender = masculine or
feminine
• Number = singular or
plural
In Spanish, adjectives
and nouns must always
agree in number and
gender.

7. Noun – Person, place, thing
or idea. In Spanish, nouns
have gender and number
and must agree.

8. Definite article – Words
that signal the gender of a
noun. There are 4 definite
articles in Spanish that all
translate to the word
“the.”

9. Pronouns – Words that take the place
of nouns. They can stand for the
person talking, the person being
talked to, or someone or something
that has already been named.
Different pronouns are used when
they replace subjects, direct objects,
are used with reflexive verbs, used
with “gustar” and gustar-like verbs,
or come after a preposition. We have
5 pronoun charts

10. Prepositions – Words that show
the relationship of a noun or
pronoun to some other word
in the sentence. Ex. To, on,
of, from, with, in, at. In
Spanish, there are certain
pronouns that are used after
prepositions.

11. Conjugate – Changing the
infinitive form to give the
verb a subject. Conjugated
verbs tell us the who the
subject of the sentence is
and when it takes place. Ex.
In English, I talk, she talked,
etc.

12. Infinitive – The most complete
form of a verb before it is
conjugated. In Spanish,
there are 3 types of
infinitives based on their
endings. Infinitives mean “to”
something. For example, “to
talk”

13. Stem – The part of the
infinitive without the
“infinitive ending.” Ex. habl

14. Infinitive ending – The part
of the infinitive after the
stem that indicates which
“type” of verb class it is
Ex. -ar

15. Irregular verb – A verb that
does not follow a clear
regular pattern of
conjugation.

16. Indefinite Article – Articles
used to say “a” or “an” or
“some” before a noun.

17. Irregular “yo” verb – A verb
that is irregular only in the
“yo” form of the verb.

18. Stem changing verb – A verb that has a
vowel variation (or change) in the
stem. In the present tense the
change only occurs in “the boot” (not
in 1st and 2nd person plural).
Variations may be e – ie, e – i, o – ue,
or o – u.
Stem changing verbs must be
memorized. Stem changing verbs in
the present are not always stem
changing in another tense.

19. Direct Object Pronouns – Are pronouns
that take the place of the direct
object in a sentence. They answer
the question “who?” or “what?” Ex.
Mary bought a shirt. Shirt is the
direct object because it answers the
question “What did Mary buy?” To
use the DOP you would say “Mary
bought it.” It is the DOP. DOP must
match the direct object.

20. • Indirect Object Pronouns –
The Indirect Object tells us
where the Direct Object is going.
• The Indirect Object answers the
question "to whom?" or "for
whom" the action of the verb is
performed.