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2. 2

3. GGI (Gender Gap Index) is
measured by the World Economic
Forum since 2005. The higher the
%, the better the gender gap is
closed, and is measured using:
1. Economic participation and
opportunity – outcomes on
salaries, participation levels and
access to high-skilled employment
2. Educational attainment –
outcomes on access to basic and
higher level education
3. Political empowerment –
Yemen outcomes on representation in
decision-making structures
4. Health and survival – outcomes
South Africa on life expectancy and sex ratio
Top countries (> 75% gap closed):
Northern Europe, New Zealand,
Philippines, South Africa
Low countries (<50%): Mali,
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey,
Egypt
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5. Gender Gap Index (GGI): 0 (total inequality) to 100% (total equality)
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6. 6

7. GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) is more precise than GDI and measures gender inequality in key areas such as political participation (%
of seats in parliament), economic participation (% of legislators, senior managers, technical fields, etc) and female income.
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