1. Country Type of policy Ex of measures Result Long-Term Consequences
• Goal = 1 child/woman Huge success • Population expected to stabilize
• Marriage: higher legal age, easier divorce CBR: around 1.3 billion (2030)
CHINA Anti-natalist • Birth control easy/free 37 (1960) • Unbalanced sex ratio
“One-Child” (very strict) • Incentives for one-child families 21 (1988) • Spoiled single children (“little
• Punishments for 2+ children 13 (2010) emperors”)
• Exceptions allowed in villages (2+) • Rapid aging
• Goal = 4 children/woman Little success • Population explosion from 33M
• Campaigns to promote family planning and CBR: (1950) to 150M (2010)!
Anti-natalist contraception 46 (1975)
NIGERIA
(voluntary basis) • Age of marriage: 18 (girls) 43 (2010)
• Elimination of legal discrimination against
women (employment, education)
• The anti-natalist policy (“Stop at 2”) of the Sharp decline • TFR still below replacement rate
1960s-70s was so successful (TFR = 1.4 in in TFR until today
Anti-natalist 1987) that it lead to a reversal -> pro-natalist 1987, slow • Rapid aging
SINGAPORE Then policy increase since
Pro-natalist • “Love cruises” organized
• Targets primarily educated/rich people
• Goal = 2 children/woman Modest • India has reached 1B people, and
• Sterilization encouraged in 1970s (-> abuse) success (except expected to surpass China in 2030
• Contraception encouraged in Kerala) • Increasing regional and social
• Information campaigns CBR: differences (ex: Kerala vs Utta
Anti-natalist
INDIA • Kerala: emphasis on rural female education 38 (1975) Pradesh)
(lenient)
and gender equality -> huge success 29 (1995)
24 (2010)
• Goal = respect individual freedom Low TFR but • TFR has increased slightly in the last
No formal
• 1970: “National Family Planning” created in immigration 20 years, but mainly due to the influx
population policy
USA 1970 to provide services for teenagers of young immigrants
except migration
• Birth control/abortion still debate in some • Aging of population
laws 1
conservative states

2. “One child encourages the Four modernizations (industry,
agriculture, defense, technology)” (China, 1978)
China in 2000 Projection for 2050
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3. India:
“For a healthy family,
Wait 3 years before
planning a 2nd child”
India:
“big family” vs “small
family”
India:
“Why only a boy: are
there not girls?”
USA: Family planning
website of the State of
Pennsylvania
3