Formal 2 – Early examples – formalism in action

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Slides for the Formal Methods in HCI unit of my 2013 online course on HCI https://hcibook.com/hcicourse/2013/unit/09-formal even the simplest models can be helpful placemat mathematics – what is the best menu structure? dialogue analysis of a digital watch and a nuclear power station control panel

Technologie

 early examples
formalism in action



placemat math - menu sizes
• on-screen menus
– e.g. web site navigation
• how many items per screen?
• frequent misapplication of Miller 7±2
• but how many is right?

placemat math (ii)
• menu tree has N items
• number of items per screen = M (breadth)
• depth (d) = log2(N) / log2(M)
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
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yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
. . .
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
zzzzz
xxxx
yyyy
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. . .
. . .
depth
(d)
breadth (M)

placemat math (iii)
Ttotal – time to find an item
= ( Tdisplay + Tselect )  d
Tdisplay – time to display screen (fixed)
Tselect – time to select menu item
= A + B log(M) (Fitts’ Law)
Ttotal = ( Tdisplay + A + B log(M) )  log(N) / log(M)
= ( ( Tdisplay + A )  log(N) ) / log(M) + B log(N)
cancel

best menu size?
Ttotal =( ( Tdisplay + A )  log(N) ) / log(M) + B log(N)
– larger M means shorter total time
– the bigger the better!
N.B. other factors
– visual search (linear if not expert)
– error rates
– minimum selectable size
– effective organisation of menu items

digital watch – user instructions
• two main modes
• limited interface
- 3 buttons
• button A
changes mode
• state transition
network (STN)

example - nuclear control
• what happens if we
press ‘+’ in red mode?
N.B. question from form only
REDAMBERGREEN
Alarm Control
+
+ +
–
– –

digital watch – user instructions
“depress button A
for 2 seconds”
so ...
• time important
• distinguish depress A
and release A

designer’s instructions
and ...
that’s just
one button

lessons
• formal analysis
– ask questions based on form of diagrams
• early analysis
– catch problems even before prototyping
• lack of bias
– usually test what we expect, analysis breaks this
• alternative perspective
– different representations show different things
• forcing design decisions
– did watch designer make these decisions or programmer?

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Formal 2 – Early examples – formalism in action

1.  early examples formalism in action  

2.  placemat math  

3. placemat math - menu sizes • on-screen menus – e.g. web site navigation • how many items per screen? • frequent misapplication of Miller 7±2 • but how many is right?

4. placemat math (ii) • menu tree has N items • number of items per screen = M (breadth) • depth (d) = log2(N) / log2(M) xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz . . . xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz xxxx yyyy zzzzz . . . . . . depth (d) breadth (M)

5. placemat math (iii) Ttotal – time to find an item = ( Tdisplay + Tselect )  d Tdisplay – time to display screen (fixed) Tselect – time to select menu item = A + B log(M) (Fitts’ Law) Ttotal = ( Tdisplay + A + B log(M) )  log(N) / log(M) = ( ( Tdisplay + A )  log(N) ) / log(M) + B log(N) cancel

6. best menu size? Ttotal =( ( Tdisplay + A )  log(N) ) / log(M) + B log(N) – larger M means shorter total time – the bigger the better! N.B. other factors – visual search (linear if not expert) – error rates – minimum selectable size – effective organisation of menu items

7.  dialogue analysis  

8. digital watch – user instructions • two main modes • limited interface - 3 buttons • button A changes mode • state transition network (STN)

9. example - nuclear control • what happens if we press ‘+’ in red mode? N.B. question from form only REDAMBERGREEN Alarm Control + + + – – –

10. digital watch – user instructions “depress button A for 2 seconds” so ... • time important • distinguish depress A and release A

11. designer’s instructions and ... that’s just one button

12. lessons • formal analysis – ask questions based on form of diagrams • early analysis – catch problems even before prototyping • lack of bias – usually test what we expect, analysis breaks this • alternative perspective – different representations show different things • forcing design decisions – did watch designer make these decisions or programmer?

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