Water Supply and Plumbing Details A guide for Building Services Subject for Architecture students

1. Dr. Akshay Wayal
1
WATER SUPPLY
DR. AKSHAY WAYAL
Architect | Academician

2. 2
REQUIREMENT OF WATER
Requirement per capita
Drinking -----3 Lit
Cooking -----5 lit
Utensil wash---15 lit
Cloths wash--15 lit
flushing------45 lit
Bath ---------15 lit
Gardening------ lit
Car wash------ lit
The norms as per another estimate
RESIDENTIAL
Domestic Supply
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
Washing cloths
Utensils
flushing
COMMERCIAL
Industrial Use
PUBLIC
Garden
Road washing
Swimming pool
Fountain
Fire fighting
The national building Code (NBC) as well as Indian standards (IS) (1172) states that
a person requires 135 liters of water per day ( about 10 buckets) for hygienic living.
the quantum needed for cooking and drinking is only 10-15 liters.
A substantial portion (about 40- 45 liters) goes to flushing the toilets.
The rest goes to bathing (30 liters) washing of clothes (15-20 liters) Washing of vessels (10-15)
washing of floors (5 Liters) etc.
200 liters per day takes care of all other needs as well, such as watering of plants, washing of
vehicles and cleaning of driveways and stairways.
Fire fighting need shall be at the rate of 1 lit, watering gardens etc can be @ 1.5 lit. 3 lit for sewer
flushing and 7 lit for road washing.

3. 3
REQUIREMENT OF WATER
An allowance also must be made for wastage in urban areas. his is due to damaged pipes,
malfunctioning valves, broken joints etc.
In rural areas the supply is generally at the rate of 45 liters / person. It has now been raised to 55 liters
recently.
Supply must also be ensured for cattle as per need.
All these standards vary with size of community, living standards, cost of water supply, standards of
maintenance of public facilities, wastage control.
The requirements of industrial units cannot be justified as these very as per industry and as per standards
of pollution control.

4. 4
SOURCES OF WATER
All sources derive their water directly or indirectly from rainfall.
Sources are Natural, manmade, sources above ground, sources at shallow depth and deep seated
sources.
Following factors should be considered, while deciding about the dependability of a source.
• Present need of the population and growth of demand in future.
• The quality of water should be checked. It must not be harmful for human life. Cost of purification must
not be very high.
• The distance between the source and the location of supply should be considered as it affects the cost
of water supply. The possibility of pollution of water and theft also increase with distance.
• The level of source also affects the cost of supply of water. The source at a lower level will require
pumps of large capacity and large amount of electricity. The possibility of breakdowns and interruption
of power supply affect the supply. A source at higher level is comparatively more trouble free.

5. 5
COLLECTION OF WATER

6. 6
PURIFICATION OF WATER
Water purification is done before water is supplied to the consumer.
The purification process can consists of following activities depending on the quality of water available
from the source.

7. 7
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

8. 8
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
Water mains can be divided into three
categories:
(1) Trunk mains: these carry water from
a source of supply (reservoir, pumping
station etc.) to a district without
supplying consumers en route.
(2) Secondary mains: the distribution
mains, fed from a trunk main and
supplying the consumers’ connections
in the district.
(3) Service pipes: the branch supplies
from the secondary mains that serve
individual premises. It is important that
a drinking water supply must not be
liable to contamination. There must be
no inter-connection or cross-
connection of the supply with any
other water supply.

9. 9
SYSTEMS OF WATER SUPPLY
Continuous System:
In this system water is available 24 hours in the supply line.
It is ideal to have such a system. But there is considerable wastage of water in this system.
Metered water may be supplied even in colonies to avoid wastage of water by users.
Intermittent system:
In this system the supply is intermittent and is for fixed hours in a day.
In this the hours of supply are staggered and may prove inconvenient to the users.
This system is useful when processing of water cannot be done at the required rate in peak hours.
Fire fighting system can-not be associated with this type of system and separate system of fire fighting or
of fire tenders will be necessary.
Storage systems become necessary and may not be maintained by the user to the standards.
Larger diameter mains are required as the supply hours cannot be round the clock.
When water supply to a line is stopped, the water gets drawn out and a partial vacuum occurs in the pipe.
This may lead to suction of gasses or liquids from outside the pipe. These may be undesirable and may
get mixed with the next turn of water supply and may sometimes lead to epidemics in the area

10. 10
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY
Branching pattern with dead end:
Similar to the branching of a tree.
It consists of o Main (trunk) line - Sub-mains, Branches,
Main line is the main source of water supply.
There is no water distribution to consumers from trunk line.
Sub-mains are connected to the main line and they are along the main roads.
Branches are connected to the sub-mains and they are along the streets.
Lastly service connections are given to the consumers from branches.
Advantages:
It is a very simple method of water distribution.
Calculations are easy and simple to do.
The required dimensions of the pipes are economical.
This method requires comparatively less number of cut-off valves. However, it is not usually favored in
modern water works practice for the following disadvantages.
Disadvantages:
The area receiving water from a pipe under repair is without water until the work is completed. In this
system, there are large number of dead ends where water does not circulate but remains static.
Sediments accumulate due to stagnation of the dead end and bacterial growth may occur at these points.
To overcome this problem drain valves are provided at dead ends and stagnant water is drained out by
periodically opening these valves but a large amount of water is wasted. It is difficult to maintain chlorine
residual at the dead ends of the pipe.
Water available for fire-fighting will be limited since it is being supplied by only one water main.
The pressure at the end of the line may become undesirably low as additional areas are connected to
the water supply system. This problem is common in many less-developed countries.

11. 11
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY
Grid Pattern :
In grid pattern, all the pipes are interconnected with no dead-ends.
In such a system, water can reach any point from more than one direction.
Advantages:
Since water in the supply system is free to flow in more than one direction, stagnation does not occur as
readily as in the branching pattern.
In case of repair or break down in a pipe, the area connected to that pipe will continue to receive water,
as water will flow to that area from the other side.
Water reaches all points with minimum head loss.
At the time of fires, by manipulating the cut-off valves, plenty of water supply may be diverted and
concentrated for fire-fighting.
Disadvantages:
Cost of pipe laying is more because relatively more length of pipes is required.
More number of valves are required.
The calculation of pipe sizes are more complicated

12. 12
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY
Grid Pattern with Loops :
Loops are provided in a grid pattern to improve water pressure in portions of a city (industrial, business
and commercial areas).
Loops should be strategically located so that as the city develops the water pressure should be
sustained.
The advantages and disadvantages of this pattern are the same as those of the grid pattern.

13. 13
LIFTING OF WATER FROM SUCTION TANK TO
O.H.W.T.

14. 14
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FROM O.H.W.T.
Down feed or Gravity System
Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building &
distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity

15. 15
MINIMUM WATER STORAGE REQUIRED

16. 16
INTERNAL WATER SUPLY
There are two types of supply –
DIRECT AND INDIRECT.
A direct cold water supply has all of the
cold water taps and sanitary appliances
fed directly off the rising main without
check valves.
There is a risk of water becoming
contaminated due to backflow (water
flows back into the mains) and such
installations are no longer permitted in new
housing.
The hot water system is
extremely inefficient and unable to supply
central heating.

17. 17
INTERNAL WATER SUPLY
A DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM fitted with a
boiler, anti-syphon and backflow devices
complies with water by-laws and eliminates
the dangers of bacterial contamination.
This system is easy to install and maintain
and, because the water is under constant
mains pressure, the risk of freezing is
reduced. It does, however, slightly increase
the risks of leaking joints.
This system is recommended where there
is sufficient mains water supply to maintain
a good quantity of water at
adequate pressure during peak periods.

18. 18
INTERNAL WATER SUPLY
AN INDIRECT SYSTEM
Water going to overhead tank and then it is
supplied to different floors by gravity.

19. 19
PLUMBING
PIPES
DIVERTERS
VALVES
TAPS
FAUCETS

20. 20
PLUMBING
Transmission and Distribution of water for buildings is generally made through pipes which may be run
underground or above ground is called plumbing.
WATER supply and distribution equipments are broadly categorized into two types
1. Pipe and piping networks.
2. Equipments to control the flow of water: taps, control valves etc.
These pipes are available in various materials’
Asbestos cement pipe
1. Cast –Iron pipe
2. cement concrete pipe
3. Copper
4. Galvanised Iron
5. Lead
6. P.V.C. & C.P.V.C. pipe
7. steel
8. Wrought Iron

21. 21
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE
These pipes are made from a mixture of asbestos fibres and cement. These pipes are used to convey
water under very low pressure and their use in conveying and supplying water is very much restricted.
Advantages:
The inside surface of pipe is very smooth.
The joining of pipe is very good and flexible.
These pipes are anti-corrosive and cheap in cost.
The pipes are light in weight hence easy to transport and handle.
The pipes are very suitable for distribution pipes of small size.
Disadvantages:
1. The pipes are brittle.
2. The pipes are not durable.
3. The pipes can be used only for very low pressure.
4. The pipes can not laid in exposed places.

22. 22
CAST IRON PIPE
The cast iron pipes are manufactured from pig iron and inner and outer surfaces of the pipes are given
suitable treatment for granting protection against corrosion. Depending Upon the ability to withstand
pressure the cast iron pipes are classified in four class, class A, class B class, class C.
Advantages:
The cost is moderate.
The pipes are easy to join.
The pipes are not subject to corrosion.
The pipes are strong and durable.
Disadvantages:
1. The breakages of pipes are large.
2. The carrying capacity of these pipes decreases with the increase in life of pipes.
The decrease in capacity may be as high as 30 to 40%.
3. The pipes become heavier and uneconomical ,especially when their size increases beyond 1200mm
diameter .

23. 23
CEMENT CONCRETE PIPE
The cement concrete pipes may be plain or reinforced
with diameter varying from 500 to 2500mm or more.
Advantages:
1.The inside surface of the pipe can be made smooth.
2.The maintenance cost is low.
3.The pipes are durable with useful life of about 75years.
4.The pipes can be cast at the site of work and thus there is reduction in transport charges.
5.These pipes under normal condition are not affected by the atmospheric actions or by ordinary oil.
6.These pipes will not collapse or fail under normal traffic loads when placed below roads.
7.When these pipes are used there is no danger of rusting.
Disadvantages:
1. If there is no reinforcement is provided ,the pipes possess no tensile strength and they cannot
withstand with pressure.
2. The pipes are heavy and difficult to transport.
3. The pipes are likely to crack during transport and handling operations.
4. The repairs of these pipes are difficult.
5. These pipes are affected by acids, alkalies and salty water.
6. These pipes are likely to cause leakage due to porosity.

24. 24
COPPER PIPE
The copper pipes do not bend due to hot water.
They are not liable to corrosion and can be bend easily. But as they are costly they are not used for
distribution of water.
Do not sag or bend due to hot water
hence., used in hot water supply in buildings and steam boilers.
Not liable to corrosion
Can be bent easily.
Costly hence not used commonly.

25. 25
GALVANISED IRON PIPE
These pipes are widely used for service connections and their diameters vary from 6mm to 75mm.
Advantages:
the pipes are cheap and light in weight and easy to handle and transport.
The pipes are easy to join.
Disadvantages:
These pipes are liable to corrosion.
These pipes are easily affected by acidic and alkaline water.
The useful life of pipes is short about 7 to 10years or so.

26. 26
LEAD PIPE
These pipes are usually not adopted for the conveyance of water.
If proper care is not taken ,the lead pipes may cause lead poising.
These pipes can easily bend so when these pipes are used, less number of specials will be require

27. 27
P.V.C. PIPES: (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Made up of P.V.C.
Cheaper than G.I. pipes
Flexible
light weight
easy to cut and handle
Used for- cold water supply
Good resistance to light acids, non corrosive
Can laid underground
Essential fittings made up of P.V.C. material – coupling/collar, elbow,
tee, reducers, bend, double tee
Joining does not required threading.
Joints are made by gluing pipes.
Fittings specially made adhesives known as : P.V.C. cement.

28. 28
C.P.V.C. PIPES: ( Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
The plastic is a new material of the modern age.
It is thermoplastic product obtained by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.) resin.
Advantages:
1. There is freedom from damage due to freezing of water in closed pipes.
2. These pipes are cheap & flexible, light in weight.
3. The pipes are durable and they possess enough strength to resist impact, sunlight and
atmospheric actions.
4. The pipes are free from corrosion & are good electric insulators.
5. Used for cold and hot water supply, handling industrial liquids up to 80 D/C.
6. It has higher impact and tensile strength, non toxic.
7. Better resistance to salts and certain chemicals.
8. More ductile hence, greater flexure and crushing resistance.
Disadvantages:
The pipes are less resistant to heat.
Some types of plastics may impact taste to the water.

29. 29
STEEL PIPE
The mild steel is used for the manufacturing of steel pipes.
The steel pipes are generally used for pipes having diameter greater than 1200mm. The inside and
outside surfaces of steel pipes are generally galvanized.
Advantages:
The pipes are available in long length and hence the number of joints becomes less.
The pipes are cheap in first cost .
The pipes are durable and strong enough to resist high internal water pressure.
These pipes are flexible.
The pipes are light in weigh and easy to transport them.
Disadvantages:
The maintenance cost is high.
The pipes are likely to be rusted by slightly acidic or alkaline water.
The pipes require more time to repair.
The steel pipes are likely to deform in shape under the combined actions of external and internal loads.

30. 30
JOINERY
TYPES OF CONNECTING / JOINTING EQUIPMENTS :
1. Coupling/ collar/sockets
2. Elbow
3. Tee
4. Reducer
5. Bend
6. Nipple
7. Union
8. Plug
9. Double tee/ cross connector.

31. COUPLING/COLLAR/SOCKETS:
Used to join two pipe length in extension to pipe line.
ELBOW:
Turn at right angle & Very compact fitting
TEE:
Used for providing a branch at right angle to the pipe line.
REDUCER:
Used in Connection of two pipes of different diameters.
Bend:
Used to provide turn at right angle but has long radius curvature.
Does not provide sharp shape turn as elbow.
Water comparatively with smooth change in direction, hence less loss of pressure.
Takes large space than elbow. Connected with collar fitting: threads on outer surface.
Nipple:
Short piece of G.I. pipe with threads on both the ends on outer surfaces.
Length: for very small length pipe- 50MM – 200MM
Another type: Hex-nipple:
Used for very small length pipe- 30MM – 50MM
threads on both the ends on outer surfaces and outer surface of middle portion has hexagonal form.
31
JOINERY

32. UNION:
Two piece fittings in which both pipes have threads on one end and
enlarge hexagonal or octagonal shaped threaded piece at other.
To join- two pipe lengths
-pipe at one end and bend at another end
-pipe on one end and elbow, tee reduces at other end with nipple piece in between.
Used for connecting- pumps
-motors to pipe line
-water storage tank: incoming and out going.
Plug:
Shape of cap made from very small piece of pipe.
One end is threaded on outer surface
Other end closed with disc shape cover block
Used to- temporary block the openings of fittings, on which taps, showers, stop cocks like fittings can be
fixed.
Double tee/ cross connector:
Piece of pipe having opening in four directions.
Each at right angle to one another, like cross.
Used for providing- two branches to pipe line having 180 degree to each other.
Can be fixed on- walls, roofs, ceiling.
Supported with fittings-clips/saddles, clamps , nails.
32
JOINERY

33. 33
JOINERY
EXPANSION JOINT
CROSS JOINT TEE JOINT
ELBOW JOINT

34. 34
JOINERY
BELL & SPIGOT JOINT

35. 35
JOINERY
FLANGED JOINT

36. 36
VALVES
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids,
or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.
Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a number of basic types. Valves may also be
classified by how they are actuated:
1. Hydraulic
2. Pneumatic
3. Manual
4. Solenoid valve
5. Motor
Cross-sectional diagram of an
open globe valve.
1. body
2. ports
3. seat
4. stem
5. disc when valve is open
6. handle or hand wheel when
valve is open
7. bonnet
8. packing
9. gland nut
10. fluid flow when valve is open
11. position of disc if valve were
shut
12. position of handle or hand
wheel if valve were shut

37. 37
GLOBE VALVE BALL VALVE GATE VALVE BUTTERFLY
VALVE

38. 38
TAPS
BIB TAP PILLAR TAP
ANGLE VALVE SHOWER ROSE

39. Topic
• Study and
Understanding
topic
Need
• Relevance to
Present
Scenario
Aim
• Objectives
Data Collection
• Primary (Site
Visits,
Casestudies)
• Secondary
(Literature
Reviews,
Internet
Surveys)
Design of
Sampling
• Sampling
design of
Selected zone
Analysis
• Analysis of
collected data .
Findings and
Conclusions
• Formulating
and Writing
Research
report