it follow GTU sem-4 B.pharm

1. Presented By :
Pooja H. Khanpara,
M.Pharma
APIP, Jmnagar
Resins

2. Introduction
The term ‘resin’ is amorphous, transparent or translucent solid,
semisolid or liquid products of complex chemical nature.
These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated
products of terpenes and carboxylic acids
On heating get soften then melt & form clear adhesive fluids
Produced in plants during normal growth or secreted as a result
of injury to the plants
Occur in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts

3. General Properties
Physical characters
1. All resins are heavier than water , they are usually amorphous
,hard, and brittle solids.
2. They are insoluble in water and usually insoluble in petroleum
ether but dissolve more or less completely in alcohol, chloroform
and ether.
3. They are hard, electrically non-conductive & combustible
(flammable) masses.
4. High molecular wt. compound.
5. By the action of heat they soften yielding clear, adhesive fluids ,
Resins burn with a characteristic, smoky flame.

4. Chemical Properties
1. Resins are often associated with volatile oils (oleoresins), with
gums (gum-resins) or with oil and gum (oleo-gum-resins).
2. Resins may also be combined in a glycosidal manner with
sugars.
3. Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin
alcohols (resinols), resin phenols (resinotannols), esters and
chemically inert compounds known as resenes.
4. Many resins ,when boiled with alkalies yield soaps
5. Resins do not contain nitrogen elements ( Non nitrogenous
compounds)
General Properties

5. Classification of resins
 Resins are classified in three different ways:
1. Taxonomical classification, i.e. according to botanical origin,
e.g. Berberidaceae resins. (Podophyllum)
2. Classification according to chemical constituent;
e.g. Acid resins (Colophony), Ester resins (Benzoin), Resin
phenols (Tolu Balsum), Resin Alcohol (Peru), Glycoresin
(Podophyllum), Resene resins (Asafoetida) , etc.

6. 3. Occurance

7. Classification of resins
1. Acid resins – Mainly Carboxylic Acid
 Found in free state or as ester, soluble in alkali & form soap like
solution.
 Metalic salt known as resinates (in mfg of soap, paint, varnishes)
Examples –
Colophony – Abietic acid
Myrrh - Commiphoric acid
Copaiba - Copaivic acid

8. 2. Ester resins – alcohol & acid ester
formed by combination of resin alcohol with
resin acid.
Examples
Benzoin contains Benzoic Acid +
Benzoresinol + Cinnamic Acid
Storax contains Cinnamyl Cinnamate

9. 3.Resin alcohols (Resinols)–
They are complex alcoholic compound, high mol. Wt.
Occur as free alcohol or combined as ester with balsamic
acid or resin acid
They are tetracyclic or pentacyclic compound (amyrin
derivatives)
Colorless, not respond when tested with ferrous salt.
Insoluble in aq. Alkali.
examples –
Storex – Storesinol
Benzoin - Benzoresinol

10. 4.Resin Phenols (Resinotannols)
They are combined with tannin.
Found in free state or as ester
Phenolic in nature so form phenoxoids & soluble in aq.
Alcoholic solution.
They give blue/green/violet color with Ferric chloride
solution.
examples –
Balsam of peru – perruresinotannol
Tolu Balsam – toluresinotannol
Benzoine – siaresinotannol

11. 5.Resenes:
They are complex neutral inert substance
Found in free state & never form ester or other derivatives
Soluble in benzene, Chloroform & petroleum ether where
insoluble in water.
Not hydrolysed by alkali or acids
Not affected by moisture, light, Chemical reagent.
examples –
Asafoetida – asaresene
Dammar – dammaresene
colophony

12. On Basis of Occurance
1) Oleoresin:
Assosiated with Volatile Oil or Oily liquid
They possess essence due to volatile oil
Examples:
Copaiba, Ginger, Turmeric, Capsicum
2) Gumresin:
Mixture of resin with gum, look like acacia gum. It
contain 2 or more glycosidal acids.
Easily seperated from resine due to solubility of gum in
water
Examples: Ammoniacum, Gamboage

13. 3) Oleogum resin:
Naturally occuring mix. Of gum, volatile oil, resin.
E.g.: Myrrh, Asafoetida
4) Glycoresins:
Sugar with resin
Hydrolysed by acid into sugars & complex resin acids
Found in Convolvulaceae Family
E.G.:
Jalap, Ipomoea, Podophyllum

14. 5) Balsams
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain large
proportions of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or
esters of these acids.
The term “balsam” is often wrongly applied to
oleoresins and should be reserved for such substances
as balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu and storax, which
contain a high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids.

15. Preparation(Isolation) of resins
Two general classes of resinous substances are
recognized and this classification is based on
the method used in preparing them:
1. Natural resins, occur as exudates from plants,
produced normally or as result of pathogenic
conditions

16. Example by artificial punctures e.g. mastic; or
deep cuts in the wood of the plant e.g.
turpentine, or by hammering and scorching,
Incisions e.g. balsam of Peru., Asafoetida

17. 2. Prepared resins;
Are obtained by different methods. The drug
containing resins is powdered and extracted
with alcohol till exhaustion. The Concentrated
alcoholic extract is either evaporated, or
poured into water and the precipitated resin
is collected, washed and carefully dried.

18. In the preparation of oleoresins; ether or
acetone having lower boiling point are used.
The volatile oil portion is removed through
distillation.
When the resin occurs associated with gum
(gum-resins), the resin is extracted with
alcohol leaving the gum insoluble.
e.g.: Podophyllum

19. 3) Distillation for seperation of oil. e.g.: Colophony
4) By heating the plant part. E.g.: Guaiacum
5) Collectinf Fossil resin. E.g. Copal
6) Processing the encrustraction. Eg. Shellac

20. CRUDE DRUGS CONTAINING
RESINS
AND RESIN COMBINATIONS

21. Acid Resin
1) COLOPHONY:

22. Cultivation & collection

26. Adultrants: Black resin or apic resin

27. Resin Alcohol & Phenol
1) CANNABIS
Synonym – Ganja, Marijuana,
Indian hemp
Biological source –
It consists of dried flowering tops of the cultivated
female plant s of Cannabis sativa
Family - Cannabinaceae
G.S.: India, Pakistan, South Africa & Bangladesh

28. Diagnostic characters –
1.Trichomes – Numerous, both covering and
glandular trichomes are present.
Covering trichomes-
Unicellur, slightly curved, pointed at one end and
enlarged and contains cystolith (Dragger shaped)
Glandular trichomes – Two types of glandular
trichomes are present .

29. Cultivation & collection
By seed propagation method
Annual, dioecious (male & female part), flowering
herb
Leaves are palmatory, compound (13 leaflet)
Collection:
Plant are in flowering stage the leaves as well as
flowering tops are collected

34. Balsam
1) Tolu Balsam
Syn: Balsam of Tolu, Balsamum Tolutanum
B.S.: by incision of stem of Myroxylon
balsamum
Family: Leguminoceae
G.S.: South America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela,
Argentina, Brazil
Cultivation & collection:
Tree, upto 35 mtr height, white flower with seed pods.
(20 yr old, 3 gm of gum obtain annually)
Tapped to collect resine, V shaped insicion

35. Tolu Balsam
Characters:
Size: varies
Shape: Semisolid or plastic solid thin layers
Color: yellowish brown
Odour: Vanilla like & slightly pungent
Taste: Aromatic
Soluble in alcohol, benzene & chloroform
Insoluble in water
C. & C.: Cinnamic acid, Benzoic Acid, Cinnamy
cinnamate, Benzyl benzoate

36. use
Cough, bronchitis, swollen airways, cancer
In soap as cosmetic & flavoring agent
In skin disease
Food additive
Mild antiseptic & expectorant

37. 2) Peru Balsam

40. Ester Resin
Benzoin (Loban)

49. Oleo Gum Resin
1) Asafoetida

56. 2) Myrrh

62. 3) Guggul

65. Purification of Guggul
Objective:
1) to remove external & internal impurities
2) to increase medicinal value
Type:
1) General Purification
2) Specific Purification

66. General method
Kept overnight
4 times more qty. of the water of wt. of it
Next morning, heated very lightly
When water qty. remains half, mixture is filteredwith
cotton cloth.
Iron pan is used to purify it,
Pan should be dry& sunny
In industry dryer is used(loss of V.oil)
Commercial – steam jacketed drying pans are
used(50-60 temp)

67. 2) Specific Method
Guggula is boiled with decoction of herb for
particular disease then filtered
Increase Vitiated(reduce) mucus-digestive & mobile
property: Cow urine or decoction of triphala is used
Increase Rejuvenative property: decoction of Galo,
triphala & cow milk
Increasing Anti-vata property: Dasmula decoction
Increasing body tonic property: milk is used

68. Salaiguggul
Syn: Indian Frankincense, indian Olibanum, Shallaki
B.S.: Boswellia serrata
Family: Burseraceae
G.S.: India(Punjab), Pakistan
Characters:
Size: Varies
Shape: Tears
Color: Yellowish brown
Odor: Aromatic
Taste: Sweet

69. C & C:
Boswelic Acid (Boswelia)
V.oil (thujen (12%), Pinene (8%), sabinane (2.2%)
Myrcene & limonene
Use:
Analgesic, Antipyretic, antiinflamatory
In pitta, cough, asthama
Improve blood circulation
cosmetic

70. Oleo Resin
1) Turmeric:

77. 2)Ginger

86. Glyco Resin
1) Kaladana:
Syn: Mirchi, Krishnabij nil
B.S.: it consist dried ripe seed of Ipomea hederacea
Family: Convolvulaceae
G.S.: India (Himalaya)
Morphology:
Size: 5-6 mm long, 3.5mm wide
Shape: triangular
Color: black
Odour: None
Taste: sweet first and then acrid

87. Chemical Constituent:
Glycoresin about 15%
Mucilage
Fixed oil
Saponin
Seed oil – glycerides of palmitic, stearic(20%),
arachidic, oleic(43%), linoleic(14%) & linolenic acid
Use:
Purgative
Substituent for Jalap

88. Podophyllum
Indian Podophyllum
Synonym – Indian May apple, Wild lemon, Duck’s
Foot, Hog Apple
Biological source –
It consists of the dried rhizome and root of
Podophyllum hexandrum or Podophyllum emodi
Family – Berberidaceae
G.S.: Kashmir to Sikkim in India. Grow in Tibet &
Afghanistan

91. American Podophyllum
Syn: May apple root, American Mandrake
B.S.: Dried rhizome and root of Podophyllum
peltatum
Family - Berberidaceae
G.S: estern USA, canada, Varginia, North Carolina

92. Cultivation & collection
Perannial herb, growing marshy & shady places.
Which bears single rhizome which is 1 mtr in length
2 leaves & 1 flower (on axil of the leaf, 6-9 waxy
petels)
Fruit is large, fleshy,lemon shaped berry
Rhizomes are removed by digging in autumn & then
washed & dried
Collected in may contain maximum resin

93. Chemical constituents –
 It contains 7-15% of resin known as podophyllin .
Roots contain more resin than the rhizomes.
The active principle in podophyllin resin is known as
podophyllotoxin(40%) in Indian variety , alpha and β
peltatins in the American podophyllum.
Quercetin , Kaempferol, astragalin, essential oil
Use: purgative, tmt of cancer (Ovarian cancer),
antirhematic, insecticidal activity

94. Nishoth
Syn: Turpeth root, Indian Jalap, nashotar
B.S.: dried root of Operculina turpethum(Ipmoea
turpenthum – black nishoth Marsdenia tenacissima-
white nishoth)
Family: Convulvulaceae & Asclepiadaceae
G.S.: india
Morphology:
Size: 2-15cm long & 3-5 cm diameter
Shape: Cylindrical or spirally twisted
Color: Greyish brown
Odour: Slight & distinct
Taste: Unpleasant

95. Cultivation & collection:
Perennial herb, hairy vines growing 4-5 mtr in length
Alternate leaves, variable shape, ovate, oblong, cordate
Flower are large, axillary & solitary.
Roots are cylindrical & spirally twisted
Collected when aerial parts dries away
C.& C.:
7-8% glycoresin & volatile oil
Albumen, starch, lignin, salts, ferric oxide
Glucose, rhamnose, fructose, turpethenic acid A,B,C,D,E
(jalapinolic acid, Operculonic Acid)

96. Use:
Liver disease, helps in cholesterol maintenance
Antipyretic, purgative, anthelmintic
Lucoderma, constipation, piles, bronchitis
Pain in muscle, joint & chest
Diabetic condition
Allied drug:
Ipmoea purga –Maxican jalap
Ipmoea orizabensis – Orizaba jalap

97. Vidang
Syn: Vavading, Embelia, Bhabhirang, Vellah, False black
pepper
B.S.: dried ripe fruit of Embelia ribes
Family: Myrsinaceae
G.S.: Indo-malaysian species, India, Sri Lanka, Singapore,
Malaysia & S. china
Morphology:
Size: 3-4 mm diameter
Shape: Globular
Color: Grayish black
Odour: Aromatic
Taste: Aromatic, Astringent

99. C.C.:
Embelin, Embellic acid
Vilangin (dimer of embelin)
Tannin, fat, christambin
Chemical test:
Etharal ext + ext of NaOHdeep violet color in aq.
Layer. When trtd with dil. Ammonia sol. --> bluish
violate ppts. Due to presence of embelin
Alcoholic ext of drug + lead acetategreen ppts
Alcoholic ext of drug + FeCl3 red brown ppts

100. Use
Wormicide in children
Mild laxative
Skin disease, rejuvenates the body
Improve digestive system
Bactericidal, toothache, dental caries
Nerving tonic
fever, chronic cough, T.B.