This document provides tips for effective public speaking. It discusses the importance of voice control, appearance, posture, eye contact, gestures, humor, and rehearsal. Good presenters analyze their audience and set clear objectives and aims. Presentations should have well-structured introductions that grab attention, bodies with logical flow, and conclusions that summarize key points. Presenters are advised to emphasize important ideas and aid memory without reading a script. Dealing with stress involves preparation, arriving early, maintaining control, and positive thinking. Questions should be handled respectfully.

1. PUBLIC
SPEAKING

2. WHAT MAKES A GOOD PRESENTER
 The Voice
 Audible
 Head up, not reading
 Varied Pace, Volume, Pitch
 Power, drop it to emphasize points
 Pause to emphasize, change topic etc.
 Appearance
 Smart or casual
Comfortable for you, feel good!
 Posture: the way in which somebody holds his or
her body, especially when
Upright
Relaxed
Hands at sides, not in pockets or arms crossed

3.  Eye Contact
At all times
With everyone in the audience
 Gestures
Smile
Hands free and not fidgeting
Gestures to explain and emphasize
Move around with confidence
Avoid mannerisms
 Humour
Use sparingly
Don’t plan it, let it generate itself from the
context
 Rehearse
Practice makes perfect
Try a full run through, in the room, try the
equipment etc

4. 5P’s - Power, Pitch, Pace,
Poise, Pause
3C’s - Confidence,
Competence,
Continuance
2M’s - Matter and Manner
2T’s - Tone and Tune
2V’s - Vocal Variety

5. ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
 Size of the Audience
 Level of Education
 Age
 Experience
 Proficiency in
Language
 Area of Interest
 Culture

6. SETTING AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 Objectives - state clearly what you are going to
cover in the presentation and they should be:
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
 Aims - State what you want to happen as a result
of your presentation.
Aims should be expressed in result/ action terms.
Use action words like.
Identify
Agree
Evaluate
Decide
Prepare

7.  Do not use vague words like:
(not clear in meaning or intention)
Emphasize ; to stress or give
importance to something
Appreciate ; value somebody or
something highly
Be aware of ; knowing that
something exists because you notice it
or realize that it is happening
Understand ; come to know
something

8. INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION CONCLUSION
Points to
include:
a. Greetings
b. Introduce your self if
required
c. Title and Topic
d. Timings
e. Structure
f. Rules and
regulations
g. Time for questions
a. Now I come to
the end
b. Summarize
c. Thank you
d. No new
inclusions
Things to
avoid:
a. Don’t start by saying
I don’t know much.
b. Nervousness
c. Start without
introduction
a. Don’t apologize

9. STRUCTURING YOUR MATERIAL
Introduction
Greeting
(Self Introduction)
The topic and content- the objectives
The aim- why we should listen
How long it will take
The rules (question taking)
Notes or handouts
The Body
e.g. position-problem-possibilities-proposal
e.g. chronological order
Conclusion
Tell the audience you have come to the conclusion
Summarize the main points
Give a clear concluding sentence
Invite questions

10. STRUCTURING YOUR MATERIAL: TIMING
• Ideally, a presentation should not last
more than 40 minutes; this is the
longest
• Time that most people can concentrate.
• Never apologize for or qualify your
presence.
• Make the final minute count when you
summarize.
• Manage the audience’s expectations
during the introduction.

11. KEEPING THEIR ATTENTION: HOOKS
When you start a presentation ,
you have to get your Audience
involved- you hook them. There are
various techniques you can use.
•Questions
•Statistics/Facts
•A joke
•A story

12. EMPHASIS
 When we write a letter or a report we make parts
of it stand out by:
○Underlining
○Using Italics
○CAPITALS
○ Using bold print
Emphasize a point by repeating it a number of
times in
○Introduction
○Main body
○Questions
○Summary and conclusion
You can also emphasize by:
○Varying your voice
○Use pausing
○Use repetition
○Paraphrase
○Use your hands, move close to audience, dramatic

13. AID TO MEMORY
 Once you have decided what to say and
organized your ideas, how will you make sure
your delivery does you justice?
 Discuss the following points with your partner
Memory alone -Would you try to memorize
your whole text, word for word, or just your
key points in the correct sequence?
Why can memorizing be dangerous?
A complete text - Why shouldn’t you write
out the whole text and use this as your
notes?
Will you use deferent types of pens and
highlights ?
What about white space?

14. DEALING WITH STRESS
Feeling nervous about a presentation affects
different people in deferent ways, as there
is no quick and easy solution to the problem
of stress. Here are some solutions that
experienced presenters have suggested.
 Preparation and planning
This is very important if you are well
prepared you will feel more confident.
 Arrive early and get set up
If you can, arrive early , check all the
equipment and check all your materials. You

15.  Take control
You are in charge. If you don’t like the way
the room is set up re-organize it. If the
audience is already there, don’t rush to
prepare. Make them wait until everything is
set up, as how you want them.
 Think positive In your mind
Imagine yourself doing a really great
presentation. This is your presentation and no
one can do it as well as you.
 Pause if things go wrong
If things go wrong, the first thing is to try to
keep going. If it’s still going wrong then stop

16. DEALING WITH QUESTIONS
 What kind of things can go wrong
during the question time at the end of a
presentation?
 How would you deal with the following
situations?
You don’t understand the question
You don’t know the answer to a question
The same person keeps asking lots of
questions that are not relevant
The same person keeps disagreeing with
you

17. The End