2. Definition
grammar (noun):
The whole system and structure of a
language in general, usually taken as
consisting of syntax and morphology
(including inflections) and sometimes
also phonology and semantics.
3. Do we need to study grammar to
learn a language?
The short answer is "no". Very many people in the
world speak their own, native language without having
studied its grammar. Children start to speak before
they even know the word "grammar". But if you are
serious about learning a foreign language, the long
answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a
language more quickly and more efficiently.
4. What is part of speech?
a category to which a word is assigned in accordance
with its syntactic functions.
In English the main parts of speech are divided into two
classes :
7. Noun
Definition
Noun is a naming word which
names a person (John), a place
(Pakistan), a material thing (pen),
and a non-material thing (Justice,
sweetness, information)
8.
9. Concrete Noun
A concrete noun is used to name any person, place, or
thing existing in a form that can be touched, felt and
seen (e.g. boy, book, cloud). It is divided into five
parts.
Proper noun
Common noun
Material noun
Collective noun
Compound noun
10. Proper Noun
Proper nouns name particular people, places and
things
e.g.
Bob,
London
The United Nations
Note:
Proper noun, when written, always begins with a capital
letter.
11. Common Noun
Common nouns name members of a class of people or
things that share the name in common with all the
other members of its class.
E.g. woman, book, chair etc.
Note: Common here means shared.
12. Material Noun
It is the name of a matter or substance of which anything
is made; as gold, silver, iron, steel, cotton, milk, clay,
plastic etc.
Note: If we use “the” before a material noun, it is changed
into common.
Example:
I am searching for gold. (Material)
The gold of Mexico is red. (Common)
13. Collective noun
A collective noun is a name given to a number (or
collection) of persons or things taken together and
spoken as a whole.
E.g. Crowd, team, fleet, jury, herd etc.
14. Compound Noun
A compound noun is a name given to a noun made up of
two nouns.
E.g. classroom, Postgraduate etc
Note: As the first noun is used as an adjective to modify
the second noun, it must be singular; however, there
are some exceptions.
E.g. sports car, Accounts department, Customs office,
Physics teacher etc
15. Abstract Noun
Abstract nouns name non-material things, qualities, states and concepts
existing only in our minds
e.g. happiness, beauty, wisdom, soul etc.
Or
abstract noun is a noun, which we can’t see or touch, but can feel.
Abstract nouns are derived from:
A: Adjectives: kind – kindness. Honest---honesty
B: Verbs: grow- growth. Negotiate- negotiation. Arrange- arrangement.
C: Common nouns: child-childhood, Slave- Slavery, Friend –friendship
16.
17. Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are the names f people and objects that
can be counted.
e.g. chair, book, student etc.
Countable nouns have singular and plural forms
while uncountable nouns don’t.
18. Singular and Plural Nouns
As we mentioned before a countable noun has two forms; singular and
plural.
I-Singular Noun:
A noun, which denotes one person, place or thing, is said to be in the
singular number; as boy, pen, city etc.
II-Plural Nouns:
A noun, which does not denote one person or thing but denotes more
than one person, place or thing is said to be in the plural number;
as boys, men, cities etc.
19. The plural forms of count nouns
When we want to change a count noun to
its plural form, first we should know
whether the noun has a regular or an
irregular plural form.
20. The plural form of regular countable
nouns is made by adding (s or es) to
them
e.g.
book -books
bus – buses.
Note: The plural form of most nouns is
made by adding (s) to them.
21. But the plural form of nouns ending with (s, sh, ch,
x, z,) is formed by adding (es) to them.
E.g.
bus-buses
dish- dishes
church- churches
box-boxes
buzz- buzzes
22. •The plural form of most nouns ending in (o), preceded by a
consonant is formed by adding (es) to them.
E.g.
• mango-mangoes
• potato-potatoes
• hero- heroes
• volcano-volcanoes.
Note: few nouns ending in (o) are changed to plural form
merely by adding (s); as
•pianos
•kilos
•photos
•commandos
• cantos
23. •The plural form of a compound noun is
formed by adding (s) to its main or
principle noun; as,
• son-in-law sons-in-law
• step-son step-sons,
•passer-by passers-by
24. •The plural form of nouns ending in (y)
preceded by a consonant is made by
changing (y) into I and adding (es) .as;
• lady ladies
•baby babies
However, if a noun ends in (y) preceded by a
vowel merely takes (s) for its plural form.
E.g.
•boys
• toys
• keys
25. •The plural form of the nouns ending in (f
or fe) is made by changing (f or fe) to “v”
and adding (es) as
•Thief---Thieves
•Life---Lives
•Loaf-Loaves
•Half-Halves
•Wife-Wives
•sheaf-Sheaves
•Calf-Calves
•Knife- Knives
26. •Some nouns like dwarf, hoof, and
wharf can take either (s or es) in their
plural forms .
e.g.
• hoofs or hooves,
• dwarfs dwarves,
27. The plural form of irregular nouns:
There are no specific rules to change an irregular noun to
its plural form, as some of them are made plural by adding
(en),
E.g.
ox-oxen ( en )
some of them change their forms and vowels
e.g.
tooth-teeth ( vowel change)
and some of them have the same singular and plural forms.
e.g.
sheep-sheep. ( no change)
28. Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we
cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count"
them.
For example,
"milk".
Here are some more uncountable nouns:
music, art, love, happiness
information, news
furniture, luggage
butter, water
electricity, gas, power
ink
29. We usually treat uncountable nouns as
singular. We use a singular verb. For
example:
This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavy.
30. Gender on Noun
Gender is defined as a classification of a noun or pronoun
as feminine, masculine, common or neuter.
There are four genders in English.
1-Masculine Gender:
A noun that denotes a male is said to be of the masculine
gender.
E.g. man, lion, waiter etc.
31. 2-Faminine Gender:
A noun that denotes a female is said to be of the
feminine gender.
E.g.
woman,
actress,
lioness etc.
32. 3-Neuter Gender:
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male
nor female is said to be of the neuter gender.
E.g. Hand, pen , toy etc.
4-Common Gender:
A noun that either denotes a male or female is
said t be of the common gender.
E.g. parent, child, student etc.
