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enzyme cofactors_and_vitamins
1.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Chapter 20 Enzymes and Vitamins 20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
2.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Enzyme Cofactors A simple enzyme is an active enzyme that consists only of protein. Many enzymes are active only when they combine with cofactors such as metal ions or small molecules. A coenzyme is a cofactor that is a small organic molecule such as a vitamin.
3.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Enzyme Cofactors (continued)
4.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Function of Coenzymes A coenzyme prepares the active site for catalytic activity.
5.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Metal Ions as Cofactors Many active enzymes require a metal ion. For example, Zn2+ , a cofactor for carboxypeptidase, stabilizes the carbonyl oxygen during the hydrolysis of a peptide bond.
6.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Some Enzymes and Their Cofactors
7.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Learning Check Identify each enzyme as 1) a simple enzyme 2) an enzyme that required a cofactor A. requires Mg2+ for hydrolysis of phosphate esters B. requires vitamin B3 to transfer an acetyl group C. is active with four polypeptide subunits
8.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Solution Identify each enzyme as 1) a simple enzyme 2) an enzyme that required a cofactor 2 A. requires Mg2+ for hydrolysis of phosphate esters 2 B. requires vitamin B3 to transfer an acetyl group 1 C. is active with four polypeptide subunits
9.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in aqueous solutions cofactors for many enzymes not stored in the body
10.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Descriptions of Water-Soluble Enzymes 10
11.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Thiamin was the first B vitamin identified is part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is used to decarboxylate α-keto carboxylic acids has a recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 1.2 mg; deficiencies include fatigue, poor appetite, weight loss, nerve degeneration, and heart failure
12.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Riboflavin is found in the coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is needed for good vision and healthy skin has an RDA of 1.2–1.8 mg; deficiencies include dermatitis, dry skin, tongue inflammation, and cataracts
13.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Niacin (Vitamin B3) Niacin is part of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) involved in oxidation–reduction reactions has an RDA of 14–18 mg deficiency can result in dermatitis, muscle fatigue, and loss of appetite
14.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A needed for energy production is involved in glucose and cholesterol synthesis has an RDA of 5 mg deficiency can result in fatigue, retarded growth, cramps, and anemia
15.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Pyridoxine and pyridoxal are two forms of vitamin B6, which are converted to the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) required in the transamination of amino acids and decarboxylation of carboxylic acids has an RDA of 1.3–2.0 mg; deficiency may lead to dermatitis, fatigue, and anemia
16.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Cobalamin consists of four pyrrole rings with a Co2+ is a coenzyme for enzymes that transfer methyl groups and produce red blood cells has an RDA of 2.0–2.6 μg deficiencies are pernicious anemia, nerve damage, and malformed red blood cells
17.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Vitamin C is required in collagen synthesis and healing of wounds has an RDA of 60–95 mg deficiencies are scurvy, weakened connective tissue, slow-healing wounds, and anemia
18.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Biotin Biotin is a coenzyme for enzymes that transfer carboxyl groups has an RDA of 30µ g deficiencies include dermatitis, loss of hair, fatigue, and anemia 18
19.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Folic Acid (Folate) Folic acid (folate) consists of pyrimidine, p-aminobenzoic acid, and glutamate forms the coenzyme THF used in the transfer of methyl groups and is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids has an RDA of 400 µ g deficiencies are abnormal red blood cells, anemia, and poor growth
20.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Folic Acid (Folate) (continued)
21.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K soluble in lipids but not in aqueous solutions stored in the body important in vision, bone formation, antioxidants, and blood clotting
22.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Retinol (Vitamin A) Vitamin A is needed for retinol (vision); synthesis of RNA has an RDA of 800 µ g deficiencies include night blindness, immune system repression, and slowed growth
23.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Vitamin D (D3) is synthesized in skin exposed to sunlight regulates the absorption of phosphorus and calcium during bone growth has an RDA of 5–10 μg deficiency includes weakened bones
24.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Vitamin E is an antioxidant in cells may prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is found in whole grains and vegetables has an RDA of 15 mg deficiencies are hemolysis and anemia
25.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Menaquinon (Vitamin K) Vitamin K1 in plants has a saturated side chain. Vitamin K2 in animals has a long unsaturated side chain. Vitamin K2 is needed for the synthesis of zymogens for blood clotting. Vitamin K has an RDA of 90– 120 μg. Deficiencies are prolonged bleeding time and bruising
26.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Learning Check Identify each of the following as a water-soluble vitamin (WS) or fat-soluble vitamin (FS). A. folic acid B. retinol (vitamin A) C. vitamin C D. vitamin E E. niacin
27.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Solution Identify each of the following as a water-soluble vitamin (WS) or fat-soluble vitamin (FS) WS A. folic acid FS B. retinol (vitamin A) WS C. vitamin C FS D. vitamin E WS E. niacin
28.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Learning Check Identify the vitamin associated with each 1) riboflavin (B2) 2) vitamin A 3) vitamin K 4) vitamin D 5) ascorbic acid A. collagen formation B. part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN C. absorption of phosphorus and calcium in bone D. vision E. blood clotting
29.
General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Solution Identify the vitamin associated with each 1) riboflavin (B2) 2) vitamin A 3) vitamin K 4) vitamin D 5) ascorbic acid 5 A. collagen formation 1 B. part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN 4 C. absorption of phosphorus and calcium in bone 2 D. vision 3 E. blood clotting
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