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1. Environmental Engineering- I
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Building Water supply and
Sanitary Fixtures

2. Plumbing Services
What is Plumbing?
• It is a system of conduits which can convey fluid from one
point to the other
• In case of residential buildings, it has a network of pipes
which carries water.
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3. Service Connection
• System that connects a Public water distribution
system (Water main) with individual or a
community’s water distribution system.
• Service connection can be made only after obtaining
permission from local authority.
• Only a licensed plumber is permitted to install a
service connection.
• The service connection should be leakage proof.
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4. Service Connection
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5. A service connection contains the following
1. Ferrule
2. Goose neck
3. Service pipe
4. Stop valve
5. Water meter
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6. Service Pipes
• Pipe that run between the distribution main in the
street and the riser in the case of multi-storeyed
building or the meter in the case of an individual
house.
• The material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion,
both inside and outside or shall be suitably protected
against corrosion.
• Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be
installed near hot water pipes or near any other heat
sources.
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7. Material for Pipes
a) Cast iron
b) Steel
c) Ductile iron;
d) Reinforced concrete;
e) Pre-stressed concrete;
f) Galvanized iron;
g) Copper;
h) Brass;
j) Wrought iron;
k) Stainless steel;
m) Polyethylene HDPE;
n) Unplasticized PVC;
p) Chlorinated PVC;
q) Cross-linked polyethylene
(PEX)
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8. Water meter
• A device used to measure the volume of water used
by residential and commercial buildings that are
supplied by a public water supply system.
• Water meters can also be installed at water source to
determine flow through a particular portion of the
system to detect losses and thefts
• Types
1. Positive Displacement water meters
2. Velocity water meters
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9. 1. Positive Displacement WM
• These are most commonly used meters
• This is the only flow measurement technology that
directly measures the volume of the fluid passing
through the flowmeter.
• A known quantity of liquid within a small unit moves
with the flow of water.
• They operate by repeatedly filling and emptying the
unit
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10. 2. Velocity water meters
• Velocity meters measure the velocity of the water
flow and convert it into the amount of water flow.
• They operate based on the principle that water
passing through a known cross-sectional area having
a measured velocity is proportional to the volume of
water flow.
• Q = A V
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11. Valves
• They are used to stop and regulate the flow of water.
• Most valves in a household plumbing system are part
of the water supply system and control the flow of
pressurized water from the water utility.
• The design of a valve may determine how much
water flow it allows or whether it should be used for
adjusting flow rather than simply turning the water
on or off.
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12. Following are the most commonly used Valves,
 Gate Valve
 Butterfly Valve
 Ball Valve
 Globe Valve
 Check Valve
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13. Gate Valve Butterfly Valve Ball Valve
Globe Valve Check Valve
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14. Drainage Systems
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15. • The occupants of a house/commercial or industrial
unit use water supplied from a distribution system in
Kitchen, Bathroom, Toilet, Sink, Wash basin etc. for
their daily needs.
• The water used in such units needs to be properly
disposed to municipal sewers for it’s safe disposal,
therefore it is necessary to construct a system of
conveyance of waste water.
• This system is known as House drainage system
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16. Functions of Drainage system -
• Maintain healthy environment in the building
• To dispose the waste as quickly as possible
• To avoid entry of foul gases from the sewer or septic
tank
• To collect and remove waste matters systematically
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17. Waste water -
• Water when used for different purpose like domestic
commercial, industrial etc., receives physical,
chemical, and biological impurities in it.
• Sewage: The wastewater coming from W.C. and
containing human excreta is known as sewage.
• Sullage: The Wastewater coming from bathroom and
kitchens which does not contain faecal matter is
known as sullage.
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18. Pipes in Drainage system –
• Stack - A general term used for any vertical line of soil,
waste or vent piping.
• Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage (Black water) from
W.C.
• Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sullage (Grey water)
from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash basins, etc.
• Vent pipe: Pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation
or to carry foul smell
• Rain Water Pipe: Pipe carrying rain water
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20. • Pipes in Drainage system –
• Anti siphonage Pipe: Maintains proper ventilation
and does not allow the siphonic action to take place,
it helps in maintaining the water seal of traps
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21. Traps in Drainage system –
• Trap: It is a device which uses a bent path to allow
waste water to pass through and at the same time
prevents sewer gases from entering buildings.
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24.  Good Traps should have the following Qualities:
 Should provide enough water seal with large surface
area.
 It’s surface should be smooth so that the flow is not
obstructed which enables self cleansing.
 An assess door should be provided for cleaning the
trap.
 It should be made of non- adsorbent material.
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25. • Traps in Drainage system –
1. S-Trap –
• Oldest
• Not in use
2. P-Trap –
• Sinks
3. Q-Trap –
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26. 4. Floor trap (Nahni trap) –
• This trap is generally used to admit sullage from the
floors of bathrooms, kitchen etc. in to the sullage
pipe.
• This is provided with cast iron or stainless steel or
galvanized gratings (Jallis) at its top so that the entry
of larger matter is prevented there by chances of
blockage are reduced.
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27. 5. Gully trap –
• A Gully trap or gully is provided at a junction of a roof
drain and other drain coming from kitchen or
bathroom.
• A gully trap is provided outside the building before
connecting to external sewerage line.
• It also prevents entry of bugs,
cockroaches and other insects from
sewer line
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28. 6. Grease trap –
• Used where large quantity of oily waste is generated
• Prevents blockages
• Can overwhelm the septic tank
• If not removed then caused the blockage in sewer
line
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29. 7. Intercepting trap –
• Also known as disconnecting trap or interceptor it is
provided at the junction of house drain with the
public sewer or septic tank.
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30. • Provided in the last manhole of the house drainage
system to prevent the entry of foul gases.
• It has a deep water seal of 100mm.
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31. System of Plumbing for House Drainage
• There are four plumbing systems for house drainage
 Single Stack System
 One pipe system
 Single Stack Partially Ventilated System
 Two Pipe system
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33. Fixtures
• A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which
can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver
and drain water.
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34. The most common plumbing fixtures are:
 Bathtubs
 Drinking fountains
 Kitchen sinks
 Showers
 Tapware
 Urinals
 Utility sinks
 Water closets
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35. Bathtubs
• A bathtub is a large container for holding water in
which a person may bathe.
• Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or
fiberglass, but alternatives are available in enamel on
steel or cast iron.
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36. • Modern bathtubs have overflow and waste drains
and may have taps mounted on them.
• Two main styles of bathtub:
– Western style: shallow and long.
– Eastern style: short and deep.
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37. Drinking fountains
• A drinking fountain is a fountain designed to provide
drinking water.
• It consists of a basin with either continuously running
water or a tap.
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38. • Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate
filters to remove impurities from the water and
chillers to reduce its temperature.
• Water fountains are usually found in public places,
like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores.
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39. Kitchen sinks
• A sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for
washing hands, for dishwashing or other purposes.
• Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot
and cold water and may include a spray feature to be
used for faster rinsing.
• They also include a drain to remove used water.
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40. • Sinks are made of many different materials. These
include:
 Ceramic
 Concrete
 Copper
 Glass
 Granite
 Marble
 Plastic
 Stainless steel
 Stone
 Terrazzo
 Wood
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41. Tap
• A tap is a valve controlling the release of a liquid/
water
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42. Showers
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43. Utility Sink
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44. Water closets
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