1. Delivered By
Ph.D. Scholar)
Department of Agricultural Extension

2. (Spielman et al. 2011)
(Birner et al. 2009; Davis 2009)

4. • Reforms in agricultural extension- Government
initiatives
• Agri-clinics/Agri-Business Centers
• Mass media support to agriculture extension
• Scheme of call centers
• Group approaches in extension
• Farming system approach
• Cyber extension
• Marketing extension

5. • Replacement of old single discipline based, commodity oriented
approaches like T&V,NAEP, with the multiagency extension service.
Reforms are to be discussed under the following heads:
• Policy Reforms
• Institutional Restructuring
• Management reforms
• Strengthening Research–Extension linkage
• Capacity building and skill upgradation
• Empowerment of farmers
• Mainstreaming of women in agriculture
• Use of media and information technology
• Financial sustainability
• Changing role of government

6. • State government line departments operated
extension (Ag., hort. & livestock development)
• SAU’s based Extension (Directorate of Extension,
KVK’s)
• ICAR extension (Zonal Research Station, KVK, ATICs,
IVLP, NATP, NAIP etc.)

7. Public extension services involves:
• Promotion of farmer participatory approaches
• Promotion of demand-driven and farmer
accountable extension
• Thrust on marketing specialist
• Enabling farmers for problem solving skills
• Public fund for private extension services

8. • Majority of the states have their staff upto Block level. Only 6
states have their staff upto the village level and 11 states have
extension manpower upto Panchayat level.
• Data from 27 states indicate that 36% of the posts are vacant in
the DoA. Out of the 143863 positions in DoA, 52575 posts are
vacant. Only 91288 posts are filled.
(Chandragowda, 2011).
• Most of the extension personnel that are present perform
multiple roles. Their visits to the field are irregular as the
service is pre occupied with the implementation of government
schemes linked to subsidies and subsidized inputs. “Although
farmers require information for the whole food and agriculture
value chain, the public extension system largely concentrates on
on-farm activities”
(Glendenning et al, 2010).

9. Source: Balakrishnan et al (2008)

10. State Departments of Agriculture

11. IGKV DIRECTORATE
OF EXTENSION
District Agricultural
Advisory Transfer of
Technology
Krishi Vigyan
Kendra
FARMERS
Agriculture
Technology
Information Centres
Other farmers
Information flow in Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV)

12. • The number of KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s) funded by the ICAR has
increased during the last few years. In India recently 642 and in C.G. total
20 KVKs.
• KVKs have the mandate of promoting technology application through on-
farm trials, demonstrations and training. These activities are implemented
by a multi-disciplinary team. Performance of KVKs varies widely.
• ICAR has also established Agricultural Technology and Information Centers
(ATICs) in some of the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and ICAR
institutes mainly to serve as a single window offering the institute’s
technology, advice and products.
• Every state now has a State Agricultural Management Extension and
Training Institute (SAMETI) at the state level.
• The country has four EEIs (Extension Education Institute) at the regional
level and at the national level, the National Institute for Agricultural
Extension Management (MANAGE) supports capacity development of
extension professionals.

13. ICAR KVK other farmer
State Agricultural university
NGO’s
Central Research Institute
Farmer

14. • Public extension will continue to remain central to
technology dissemination, small & marginal farmers &
economically backward region will need to be serviced by
it
• For decentralized institutional arrangement which are,
demand driven, farmer accountable, bottom up & farming
system approach. States have some models like,
• ATMA
• ATIC
• Panchayat raj institution
• SAUs
• With supplementation from private sector, media, IT etc.

16. • Upgrading and restructuring extension staff
• Group approach to extension – formation and mobilization of
FIGs, Farmers cooperatives, NGOs & self help group etc.
• Straightening research-extension-farmer linkages- location
specific & participatory problem solving extension approach
• Promotion of multi agency extension services
• Management reforms in extension services-NAEP
• Promotion of community base Private extension services
• Promotion of NGOs and para professional based extension-
mitra kissan etc.
• Improving research-extension linkage and research priorities
setting based on SREP

17. The Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) is a “single
window” support system linking the various units of a research institution
with intermediary users and end users (farmers) in decision making and
problem solving exercise.
There are 44 (ATIC) established under ICAR institutes and State Agricultural
Universities. The Division is headed by Deputy Director-General
(Agricultural Extension) supported by 2 Assistant Director-General.
Objectives :
• To provide a ‘single window’ delivery system for the products and species
available from an institution to the farmers and other interested groups as
process of innovativeness in Technology Dissemination at the institute level.
• To facilitate direct the farmers access to the institutional resources available
in terms of technology, advice, technology products, etc. for reducing
technology dissemination losses; and
• To provide mechanism for feedback from the users to the institute

18. The performance of the Scheme under 11th Five Year
plan as evaluated from the following facts:-
Coverage: ATMAs have been established in 614 districts
of 28 States & 3 Uts
Training of Farmers: As against the target of 23,77,530
man days for training of farmers, a total of 73.36 lakh
man days have been achieved.
Demonstrations: As against the target of 4,52,529
beneficiaries through demonstrations, over 10.58 lakh
beneficiaries have been covered.
Exposure Visits: The achievement under Exposure Visit
of farmers has been tremendous with 32.54 lakh man
days achieved against the target of 3,69,694.

19. Continue..
Setting up of Farm Schools: 39,070 Farm Schools have
been set up against a target of 47,045.
Mobilization of Farmers Interest Groups: As against a
target of mobilization up of 74,236 FIGs, a total of
89,608 FIGs/CIGs have so far been mobilized. Some
of these groups have also been provided with seed
money to initiate income generative activities.
Financial: As against an approved outlay of Rs. 1219.10
Crore – R.E. (GOI Share), an expenditure of
Rs.1201.70 crore has been achieved during 11th Five
year Plan.

20. (Agricultural Finance Corporation) during 2009-10;
• There is manifold increase in the programme of trainings,
demonstrations and exposure visits in the sample districts after the
launch of the Scheme.
• About 52 per cent of the respondent farmers revealed that they
gained knowledge of new practices/ technologies under the scheme.
• About 25 per cent of the farmers felt that there was increase in
agricultural production due to ATMA.
• The increase in income from all sources was reported by 27.4 per
cent of the sample farmers.
• ATMA programme has made discernible impact in yield increase of
up to 20 per cent, diversified production system, adoption of new
technologies.
• Farmers using more than 50 per cent of certified seeds were above
16 per cent after ATMA interventions as compared to just less than 1
% before.

21. Cont….
• The percentage of farmers not using certified seeds at all is about 18
per cent after ATMA intervention which was as high as 35 per cent
before ATMA interventions.
• Utility of exposure visits was found to be maximum (95 per cent);
followed by demonstration (93 per cent) & trainings (69 per cent).
• Savings in total cost of production was up to 10 per cent in over 95
per cent of farmers and between 10 to 25 per cent for the rest.
• About 25 per cent farmers admitted some increase in agricultural
production due to ATMA.
• Private sector extension providers are slowly and gradually assuming
role in rendering need based extension services at the grass-root
level along with the official agencies.

22. Capacity building of extension
functionaries
Upgrading state level extension management
training institutions- autonomy of SMETIs, mass
media communication technique, appropriate
curricula for training of field staff

23. Empowerment of farmers
• Involving farmers in setting extension agenda
• Implementation of programmes through
farmers user group
• Training and acquisition of skills by farmers

24. Farmer Field Schools

25. Mainstreaming women in agriculture
• Improving access to extension and training
• Redesign extension services to reach women farmers
• Expanding the sphere of women extension workers.
National research centre for women in agriculture (1996)
National policy for women empowerment budgeting
process & year of women empowerment (2001)
Swa shkti (1999) , Swayamsidha (2001), Swawlamban,
Bhartiya Mahila bank (2013)

26. • The widespread availability and convergence of
information and communication technologies (ICTs) –
computers, digital networks, telecommunication,
television etc.
• In India recent years have led to unprecedented
capacity for dissemination of knowledge and
information to the rural population.
• Some commonly used ICT applications or tools include:
tele-centres, web portals, call centers, mobile phones,
community radio, video, and digital photography, GIS,
e-mail, audio and video conferencing.

27. Mass Media Support to Agricultural
Extension
• The “Mass Media Support to Agricultural Extension”
scheme was initially launched on 21st January, 2004 and
the revised scheme was approved by the CCEA on
24.02.2005.
• The objective of the scheme is to disseminate information
and knowledge to the farming community in local
language/dialect for strengthening the agricultural
extension system.
• Under this scheme existing infrastructure of Doordarshan
and All India Radio is being utilized to make the farmers
aware about modern farm technologies.

28. • Similarly, 96 Rural FM Radio Stations of All India Radio
are being utilized to broadcast 30 minutes of programme
for farmers 6 days a week.

29. • At the National Level, a number of audio/video spots
were produced and broadcast/telecast through 96 FM
Stations of AIR under ‘Kisanvani’ programmes through
National, 18 Regional & 180 High Power/ Low Power
Transmitters (HPTs/LPTs) of Doordarshan during
‘Krishidarshan’, National & Regional News and during
entertainment programmes, films, etc.
• The spots were also telecast through Private Channels
operating at National & Regional Level during News,
entertainment programmes, serials etc telecast during
12.00-7.00 p.m., 7.00 – 8.00 p.m. and 8.00-11.00 p.m.
• Besides audio and video spots of 30-60 seconds duration,
advisories and success stories are also being telecast and
broadcast.

30. Number of programmes
broadcast/telecast during 11th Plan
Mass Media
Programmes
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
TV National Level 312 312 312 312 312
TV Regional Kendra 4680 4680 4680 4680 4680
TV Narrowcast Kendra 46800 46800 46800 46800 46800
AIR FM Kisanvani 28704 28704 29952 29952 29952
Total 80496 80496 81744 81744 81744
Source: Planning commission of India

31. Financial Status 2007-08 to 2011-12
Financial
details
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
BE 8400.00 8700.00 8700.00 10000.00 15000.00 50800.00
RE 7851.00 10565.00 9708.00 2209.40 17707.00 48040.4
Actual
exp
7973.01 9215.43 9707.81 21490.00 17701.00 66087.25
(Rs. in lakh)
Source: Planning commission of India

32. Kisan Call Centres (KCC)
• To harness the potential of ICT in agriculture, Ministry of
Agriculture took the initiative of launching an innovative
scheme “Kisan Call Centers” on 21st January, 2004 aimed at
offering solutions to farmers’ queries on a telephone call.
• Farmers from any part of the country can access KCC by
dialing toll free number 1800-180-1551 from 6.00 A.M to
10.00 P.M. on all 7 days a week.
• This number is accessible through mobile/landline numbers
of all telecom networks, even private service providers.

33. Year Total calls received
2003-04 221184
2004-05 647743
2005-06 591669
2006-07 602249
2007-08 589781
2008-09 623293
2009-10 928354
2010-11 2043636
2011-12 1541138
Total 77,89,047
Source: Planning commission of India

34. Evaluation of the Past Performance
• 84 percent of the farmers who called the KCCs expressed overall satisfaction
from the advice provided through the helpline and implement the advice
received from the KCCs in their first call.
• Evidence of farmers’ satisfaction is growing with repeat calls made
by farmers to the KCCs.
• The advice enabled the farmers to take timely decisions in control
of pests, weeds and diseases and judicious use of fertilizer.
• The highest value of the benefit reported by one of the farmers in
Maharashtra was Rs.1,50,000 while the farmer in Madhya Pradesh reported a
benefit of Rs.50,000 from their first call to the KCC.
• About 34 per cent of the sample farmers were willing to make a token fee
payment for advice from KCCs.
Source: Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad 2007

35. • Socially and culturally Indian farmers live
collectively, their decision and action performed in
groups.
• Self help group and farmers interest group
A group of people coming together for attaining a
common goal like seed production, marketing
agricultural produce, sharing of water, regular
saving and meeting emergence credit needs of the
group etc. from SHG/FIG

36. Features of SHG and FIG
• Homogeneity
• Common goal
• Mutual help
• Collective action
• Based on agreement of group members
• Bank account of the group
• Timely saving and repayment
• Size should be 10 to 20
• Avoid confusion
• Avoid management difficulties
• Ensure participation of all members
• Facilitate effective and regular interaction

37. Some models of SHGs
• Bank- SHG-Members
Banks
Promote,
train and
provide credit
SHGs
• Bank- Facilitator-SHGs (NGOs as Facilitator)
NGOs Promote, train and help in
developing linkage with bank
SHGs
Banks

38. Farming system approach
• Farming system approach envisages the integration of
agro forestry, horticulture, dairy, sheep and goat rearing,
fishery, poultry, pigeon, biogas, mushroom, sericulture
and by-product utilization of crops with the main goal of
increasing the income and standard of living of small and
marginal farmers.
Why Farming Systems Approach
• To develop farm – house hold systems and rural
communities on a sustainable basis
• To improve efficiency in farm production
• To raise farm and family income
• To increase welfare of farm families and satisfy basic
needs.

39. Methodology adopted for grounding
the concept of FSA
Farming System Approach is a holistic approach, complex in nature, interrelated
of components, matrix of soils, plants, animals, power, implements, labour,
capital and other inputs, influenced by political, economic, institutional and social
forces.
I. Identification of major socio-economic situations
II. Understanding the modifications made in existing
farming system by innovative farmers
III. New options recommended by the Researchers/
Extensionists

40. Continue.
IV. Economic analysis of recommended options
and working out alternatives
v. In the absence of any recommendations, work
out an alternate model by fine tuning the
existing model (without major changes)
considering the resources, market,
profitability and sustainability

41. Carryout SWOT analysis in respect of
different Farming Systems.
• Current strengths within existing farming systems
and success stories
• Weaknesses within the existing farming systems,
• Opportunities, which are advantageous for optimal
exploitation of the existing farming systems in terms
of providing, scope for new market opportunities,
new technologies, services etc.
• Real potential threats to the natural resource base,
existing farming systems and markets etc.

42. • Privatization approach wherein govt. grants private
entity authority to provide a particular service within
specific area.
• The concept of PPP in Agricultural Extension
Management was first introduced in Hoshangabad
district of Madhya Pradesh during 2001 where the
Department of Agriculture, Government of Madhya
Pradesh and Dhanuka Group joined together.
• The National Institute of Agricultural Extension and
Management (MANAGE) provided the conceptual
framework and facilitated this PPP initiative.
(Chandrashekara, et al, 2006).

43. Public-Private Partnership:
• example, in Tamil Nadu, some agriclinics are owned by
cooperative banks and employ an agricultural graduate
to run the clinic, while other graduates run their
agriclinics independently.
• Other extension programs, including KVK, ATMA, and
Panchayati Raj institutions, will provide surprise or
periodic visit reports submitted to the National Bank
for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) or
the financing bank or ATMA office (Gupta 2010).

44. Private-sector Extension: e-Choupal

45. Integrated Agricultural Research for
Development schematic
Source: A. Okyere and Davis 2009

46. Establishment of Agri-Clinics & Agri-
Business Centres (ACABC)
• The Central Sector Scheme implementation since 2002
• The scheme promotes the involvement of agri-preneurs
to supplement the efforts of public extension system by
way of setting - up of agri-ventures in agriculture and
allied areas.
• These agri-preneurs are actively involved in providing
advisory, extension services including know-how to the
farmers at grass root level besides input infrastructure,
processing and machinery support.

47. Objectives of the Scheme:
a)To create gainful self-employment opportunities to
unemployed agricultural graduates, agricultural
diploma holders, intermediate in agriculture and
science graduates with PG in agri related courses.
b) To support agriculture development; and
c)To supplement efforts of public extension by
necessarily providing extension and other services to
farmers on payment basis or free of cost as per
business model of agri-preneur, local needs and
affordability of target group of farmers.

48. Information flow in the Agri-Clinic
program
State Agricultural university
Training Institute
Agriclinics
Cooperative Banks
Input dealers Farmer

49. • Revised Financial Norms of Training: Training cost has
been enhanced to Rs.35000 per trainee for two month duration
programme. Besides, an additional 10 per cent amount on food,
accommodation, honorarium, training expenditure and handholding
cost has been provided in NE and Hill States.
• Change from capital & interest subsidy to composite
subsidy: Subsidy pattern has been revised from existing “capital
and interest subsidy” to “composite subsidy”, which will be 44% of
project cost for women, SC/ST & all categories of candidates from
NE and Hill States and 36% of project cost for others.
• Ceiling cost of the projects: Cost ceiling of projects is
enhanced to Rs.20 lakh for individual’s project and to Rs.100 lakh
for a group project (minimum of five individuals).

50. Since inception of the said scheme (April 2002), a
total number of 28244 candidates have been trained
and 10743 ventures have been established in 32
categories of activities in the country till March 2012.
Issues
Progress under the Scheme is not uniform in all the
States across the country. The success is largely
limited to Uttar Pradesh (2461 ventures set up till
March 2012), followed by Maharashtra (2388), Tamil
Nadu (1075), Karnataka (928), Bihar (874) and
Rajasthan (824).

51. Extension Education Institutes (EEIs)
Four Extension Education Institutes (EEIs) have been
established on regional basis as detailed below:
Specific Objectives:
i. To provide in-service training to the staff of the
State/Regional Training Centers in extension and
communication methodology.
ii. To organize workshops on training methods /
communication techniques for master trainers.

52. iii. To conduct training programmes in specialized fields
like monitoring and evaluation supervision and
extension management for middle level extension
functionaries.
iv. To conduct subject matter and extension education
training programmes.
v. To demonstrate most effective education teaching
procedures.
EEIs were specifically established to meet the training
requirement in the field of Communication
Technology, Extension Methodology, Training
Management, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA),
Management of Agricultural Information System, etc.
extension functionaries of State Development
Departments on a continuing basis.

53. Year Financial Progress(Rs. in
lakh)
Physical Progress
BE Expenditure No. of Courses No. Trained
2007-08 409.00 290.03 83 1515
2008-09 409.00 364.81 107 2038
2009-10 435.00 539.13 145 3082
2010-11 680.50 815.41 156 3484
2011-12 870.00 613.00 168 2649
Total 2803.50 2622.38 659 12768
Source: Planning commission of India

54. • Model Training Courses are being implemented since 1996 and
emphasizes demand driven capacity building of extension
functionaries of the State Development Departments.
• MTCs are of national character and offer training courses in
specialized areas in all agriculture and allied activities.
• MTCs are very cost effective as the training infrastructure and
specialists of SAUs and ICAR institutes are used for imparting
training.
• This Model Training Course of 8 days duration organized by
selected SAUs, ICAR Institutes and Central Institutes.

55. • To improve the professional competence,
upgrade the knowledge and technical skills of
extension functionaries;
• To provide an opportunity of experience
sharing, problem solving and interaction
between experts and extension functionaries.

56. • Extension over space
• Using the power of online networks, computer
communications, and digital interactive multimedia to
facilitate dissemination of agricultural technology.
Examples;
• Village information shop- Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
research foundation, Chennai
• Information –Village, MANAGE
• Gyandoot , Dhar M.P.
• Warna Wired Villages , National Informatics Center, MH

57. Cyber extension: The process
1. Develop state-of-the-Art Infrastructure to connect key
stakeholders;
Providing telephone, Internet, SATCOM, Video conferencing,
connectivity to all states, SAMETIs, Dist., Block, SAUs, zonal
research stations and KVKs. Create ICT training and
consultancy infrastructure
2. Creating ICT awareness in all developmental deptt.
3. Create information packaging mechanism at key
participating agencies
4. Network with e-Governance initiative of concerned
state/dist.
5. Create a Nodal cell in Each state to Monitor the progress of
cyber extension
6. Identify a national coordinating agency

58. • Key factor in enlightening the farmers about proper
marketing & removal of marketing constraints.
• Process includes harvesting techniques, transactional
method, standardization & grading, packaging,
transport, storage, processing, selling of produce,
marketing credit, delivery of product, payment etc.
Some issues:
Group action
Direct marketing – e.g. Apni Mandi in Punjab & Haryana,
Rythu Bajar in Andhra etc.
Marketing credit – promotion of self help group in marketing,
microfinance of NABARD so that working with farmers &
enabling them for proper marketing.

59. Advice on improved market practices
Processing and value addition
Problem solving methods
Marketing capacity building- according to interest of
farmers
Advice on product planning- selection of crop, varieties
to withstand in competitive market
Marketing information – through internet & other
audio –visual facilities provide area, crop, Bayer specific
information
Securing markets for farming –advice on govt.
procurement prices and contract farming
Advice on alternate market - to avoid gluts, advised to
take benefit of warehousing with pledge finance
scheme and contract or future trading

60. Advice on improved marketing practices
Advice on establishing and operating markets-
provision training, visit (distant wholesale & terminal
market) of rural population to save them from
exploitation.
Need for wider reach in private sector – NGOs,
cooperatives, trade association, private limited
companies & corporate bodies should be allowed &
encourage to undertake marketing extension
Data base on marketing – micro level research, training
& extension in every dist.
Training in agricultural marketing- major thrust to agri-
business management, WTO & its application,
standardization & quality assurance, organic food
marketing etc

61. Extension issues in new economic regime
• Trade intelligence- include information about potential
market, potential competitor their weakness & strength,
market behaviour under current demand & supply prospects,
international price & trade scenario is to be compiled &
supplied to extension personnel.
• Macro policies on tariff- actual price depends upon tree
factors viz. wholesale price in given market, transaction &
transport cost & rate of tariff. Govt. policy on tariff for own
country and potential trading countries is essential.
• Information on Trade agreement- extension personnel
should trained about various trade agreement & subsequent
changes in this for creating proper awareness among farming
community to face the changing world.

62. • Importance of patenting- extension system should
help in documentation & recording of traditional
knowledge, bio-resource and their uses.
• Agent of export promotion- to educate farmers
about international standards, pesticide residues,
hygienic handling and processing etc.
• Mobilization of group action- small scale individual
producer may not take advantages of export
opportunities so that organized marketing by
farmers organization.
• Providing feedback to system
• Promoting E-Agriculture

63. Mission statement
“National Mission on Agricultural Extension shall
support the state governments, local bodies &
institutions for enhancing their capacity and
institutionalizing structures & mechanisms for a
knowledge-driven, accountable, decentralized,
broad-based & participatory programme
planning & implementation to facilitate farmers,
farmwomen & youth to achieve economic, food,
nutritional & environmental security and thus
achieve Plan objective of faster, sustainable and
more inclusive agricultural growth”

64. Mission Structure
1. Joint Secretary (Extension) & Extension Commissioner as
mission leader
2. Mission will have appropriately constituted General
Council and Executive Council at the national level and
supporting structures at the state and the district levels
3. MANAGE to support mission implementation and
monitoring at National Level and EEIs & Zonal Project
Directorates at regional level.
4. Mini Missions to be located in MANAGE or with relevant
partner institutions
5. SAMETIs and the Directorate of Extension of SAUs, ATMAs
/ KVKs to support mission implementation at State and
District levels respectively

66. • Broadcast media was also used a great deal to obtain
information, which included radio, television and
newspapers.
• The public sector extension worker was a source of
information for only 5.7 % of farmer households
interviewed and the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
accounted as an extension source for only 0.7% of
the sample farmers.
• Private and NGO extension services were accessed
by only 0.6%. The farmer household assessment
surveys conducted by the International Food Policy.

67. The number of extension personnel per operational holding and net
cropped area, selected States in number and hectares
S.N. States Number
of extension
Personnel
Number of
operational
holdings/extension
Personnel
Net cropped
area/extension
personnel
(in hectares)
1 Andhra Pradesh 4167 3162 2608
2 Assam 2779 979 991
3 Bihar 10231 1583 553
4 Chhattisgarh 4313 869 1092
5 Gujarat 3501 1353 2799
6 Himachal Pradesh 1084 886 499
7 Haryana 3019 536 1184
8 Jammu and Kashmir 5812 249 127
9 Jharkhand 4129 656 364
10 Karnataka 3226 2428 3154
11 Kerala 3933 1737 531
12 Madhya Pradesh 10775 823 1387

68. Continue…
S.N. States Number of
extension
Personnel
Number of operational
holdings/extension
Personnel
Net cropped area /
extension personnel
(in hectares)
13 Punjab 10775 823 1387
14 Maharashtra 15770 869 1105
15 Orissa 3794 1230 1477
16 Punjab 1398 753 2982
17 Rajasthan 5495 1254 3194
18 Tamil Nadu 8320 976 606
19 Uttar Pradesh 12976 1767 1265
20 Uttarakhand 1031 885 731
21 West Bengal 6164 1156 859
All India 119048 1156 1187
Source: Information on human resources from the Desk Survey of the Department of Agriculture
and Co-operation and the Agricultural Census, 2007.