2.
Sculpture comes from Latin word
“Sculpere” – meaning to carve. It
refers to the creation of three-
dimensional figures, forms designs
from a single block mass of
materials.
Sculpture may be the oldest of the
arts.
Sculpture
3.
There are two major sculptural processes:
1. Subtractive- unwanted materials are
cut away
2.Additive- construction of a figure by
putting together.
7. Carving
Subtractive process:
by cutting away at the
material. In
woodworking, the
artist carves an image
in wood, stone or
ivory.
The Penitent Magdalene by
Donatello
12. 1. Stone- hard and durable, weather and fire resistant,
but is heavy and durable.
a) Basalt and Diorite (black and hard)
b) Marble (finely-grained, with crystalline
sparkle)
c) Granite- (tough, coarse-grained but
suitable for bold effects)
d) Limestone- (Softer)
Materials use in
Sculpture
13. 2. Wood- lighter, softer, and cheaper, and
easy to cut.
3. Terra Cotta- which means “ baked earth” is made by
firing clay, as in pottery making.
4. Bronze- is solid and too expensive. The
difficult process of casting bronze is one of its
disadvantages.
14.
Pictorial Sculpture- the artist, like the painter, is more
concerned with details than anything else.
Sculpturesque Sculpture- the artist is more concerned
with the medium/materials used.
Built- up- the artist is very much concerned with the
medium/materials used but also with details.
Sculptural Concerns
17.
1. Relief or relievo/rilievo
- is a sculptural technique. The term relief is from the
Latin verb levo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression
that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.
- According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's
Heilbrunn Time line of Art History, Relief sculpture is "sculpture that projects in
vary degrees from a two-dimensional background." Relief sculpture is among
the oldest forms of sculpted art.
18.
Different Degrees of
Relief
Bas-relief or low relief
- has a very low degree of relief from the base.
- is a type of sculpture that has less depth to the faces and
figures than they actually have, when measured proportionately (to scale).
This technique retains the natural contours of the figures, and allows the
work to be viewed from many angles without distortion of the figures
themselves.
20. High Relief
- is where in general more than half the mass of the
sculpted figure projects from the background, indeed the most
prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are
often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. High-relief
uses essentially the same style and techniques as free-standing
sculpture.
22. Sunk Relief
- Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the art of
Ancient Egypt where it is very common, becoming after the Amarna
period of Ahkenaten the dominant type used, as opposed to low relief.
It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls,
and for hieroglyphs and cartouches. The image is made by cutting the
relief sculpture itself into a flat surface. In a simpler form the images
are usually mostly linear in nature, like hieroglyphs, but in most cases
the figure itself is in low relief, but set within a sunken area shaped
round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the original flat
surface.
24. Counter Relief
- Sunk relief technique is not to be confused with
"counter-relief" or intaglio as seen on engraved gem seals — where an
image is fully modelled in a "negative" manner. The image goes into the
surface, so that when impressed on wax it gives an impression in
normal relief.
26. Small objects
- Small-scale reliefs have been carved in various materials,
notably ivory, wood, and wax. Reliefs are often found in decorative arts
such as ceramics and metalwork; these are less often described as
"reliefs" than as "in relief".
28. 2. Free Standing Sculpture
- also known as sculpture in-the-round, likely
represents the form of sculpture most recognizable to modern people.
- is any work of sculpture which can be viewed from
any angle around the pedestal. This kind of sculpture includes some of the
most famous works of sculpture throughout time: the statuary works of the
Greek, Roman, Medieval and Classical eras, including Michaelangelo's David.
30.
3. Kinetic Sculpture
- is free-standing sculpture that moves, either by
mechanical power or under the power of wind or water. Fountains are a form
of kinetic sculpture, although in that special case the sculpture is not powered
by the water but lives within the shapes and forms of the water as it arcs over
and through the air.
32. 4. Assemblage Sculpture
- Another more modern form of sculpture is known
as Assemblage sculpture, which is sculpture pieced together from found or
scavenged items that have little or no relationship to one another.
Contemporary Art Dialogue's website defines assemblage art as "non-
traditional sculpture, made from re-combining found objects. Some of these
objects are junk from the streets." These pieced-together bits of castoff debris
are arranged in an aesthetically pleasing shape to the artist and then
presented to its audiences to provoke thought and reaction. Collages are a
sort of two-dimensional representation of assemblage sculpture.
36.
Top
9 Terracotta Army by
the
Chinese government
laborers and local
craftsmen
Lintong District, Xi’an,
Shaanxi Province,
China
Also known as the
Terracotta Warriors
and Horses, is a
terracotta statues
collection
representing
the armies of China’s
1st
emperor—Qin Shi
Huang.
38.
Top
7
Statue of
Liberty by
Frédéric
Auguste
Bartholdi in
New York
City though
it was
initially
made in
France.
39.
Top
6 Christ the
Redeemer by Paul
Landowski, Heitor
da Silva Costa
found in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
Situated on top of
the 700 meters
high Corcovado
Mountain. Christ
the Redeemer
stands out 39.6
meters high on a
9.5 meters base
and 30 metres
wide
40.
Top
5
Moai by the
Polynesian
Colonizers found
in Easter Island,
Chile. It is
believed to be a
representation of
deceased
ancestors as well
as the incarnation
of powerful living
of the previous
chiefs.
41.
Top
4
Pieta by
Michelangelo
Buonarroti found
St. Peter’s
Basilica, Vatican
City is a marble
structure. A
representation of
Jesus Christ in
the arms of
Mary, his
mother.
43.
Top
2
Venus de Milo by
Alezandros of
Antioch placed
in The Louvre
Museum, Paris,
France
a marble
structure
believed to
represent
Aphrodite
The original base
and arms have
been lost.
