aiswarya thomas

risk disadvantage advantage discovery drug discovery drug signs and symptoms tetanus toxin botulinum diphtheria exotoxin endotoxin toxin bacteria pathogenicity review instructions contents ind contents ind froms resources types of ind new drug ind medication adherance pill count units of drugs dispensed pdd ddd no. of prescriptions monetary units drug use measures prevalence incidence statistical methos epidemiology absolute risk time risk relationship interpretation equation computattion od odds odds ratio charectoristics relative risk ettributable risk types concept drug use analysis pharmacovigilance hypothesis testing risk quantification safety profile aim application reasearchers patients doctors pharmaco-epidemiology in-vitro models in vivo binding assays screening marketing efficacy safety testing testing in animal models pharmacological profiling selectivity testing toxicological approach pharmacological approch preclinical approach various approaches controlled clinical trials spontaneous reporting voluntary reporting case control study cohort studies source methods of pms introduction post marketing surveillance pms phases of clinical trial clinical research drug development pathways steps-drug discovery pharmaceutical