1. Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,
AURANGABAD (M.S.)
Seminar Report on
“Hyperloop -New transportation system”
Submitted by
Aishwarya A. Karhade
(Roll Number- 68)
Under the guidance of
Prof. Saurabh S. Kohli
In partial fulfillment of the award of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
[2017-18]

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “Hyperloop-New transportation
system”, submitted by Aishwarya A. Karhade is the bonafied work completed under my
supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering) of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad (M.S.).
Place: Aurangabad
Date:
Dr. S. M. Badave
Head
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Prof. Saurabh S. Kohli
Project Guide
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Dr. N. G. Patil
Principal
Marathwada Institute of Technology
Aurangabad (M.S.) – 431 005
Name & Signature of External Examiners with Date:
1) ____________________________________
2) ____________________________________

3. [i]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance received
from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to prepare
this report in this form without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance. I am highly
indebted to Prof. Saurabh S. Kohli, for his guidance and constant support. I can’t thank
enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time I
attended his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this seminar would not have
materialized.
I take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to Dr. S. M. Badave, Head of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, for providing guidance and whole hearted
cooperation. I am thankful to Dr. N. G. Patil, Principal, Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad for his encouraging attitude. I also extend my genuine thanks to all the staff of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department for providing valuable guidance.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved
parents for their blessings, and my all friends and all others for their help, backing and good
wishes. Also thanks to everybody who was important to the successful realization of seminar
report, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one.
Aishwarya Karhade
(Roll No. 68)

4. [ii]
ABSTRACT
Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types:
rail, road, water, and air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road
and water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail).
Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast
and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is also unique in that it is an open design
concept, similar to Linux. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the
Hyperloop design and bring it from concept to reality.
Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low
and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of
air, featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic
linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in
each capsule. Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of
the tube, or branches along the tube length.
In this study, the initial route, preliminary design, and logistics of the Hyperloop
transportation system have been derived. The system consists of capsules that travel between
Los Angeles, California and San Francisco, California. The total one-way trip time is 35
minutes from county line to county line. The capsules leave on average every 2 minutes from
each terminal carrying 28 people each (as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less
frequently at night). This gives a total of 7.4 million people per tube that can be transported
each year on Hyperloop. The total cost of Hyperloop is under $6 billion USD for two one-way
tubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing this capital cost over 20 years and adding daily operational
costs gives a total of $20 USD plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the passenger
Hyperloop.

5. [iii]
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature Survey 2
3. SYSTEM MODELING AND WORKING
3.1 Construction of Hyperloop 3
3.1.1 Tube
3.1.2 Capsule
3.1.3 Compressor
3.1.4 Suspension
3.1.5 Propulsion
3.2 Working principle of hyperloop
3
4
5
6
4. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC CONCERN
4.1 Energy, Environment and Economic Concern
4.2 Total cost
4.3 Advantages & Limitations of hyperloop
7
9
10
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions 11
5.2 Future Scope 12
References 13

6. [iv]
List of Figures
Figure Illustration Page
1 Construction of tube 3
2 Arrangement in capsule 4
3 Compressor 4
4 Air bearing skis support the capsule 5
5 Propulsion 5
6 Working of hyperloop system 6
7 Energy cost comparison 8

7. [v]
Table Illustration Page
1 Crew capsule weight and cost breakdown 9
2 Cargo and crew capsule weight and cost breakdown 10
List of Tables

8. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Hyperloop is a completely new mode of fastest transportation. Hyperloop is firstly
proposed by Elon musk and a team of engineer from Tesla Motors and the Space
Exploration Technologies Corporation in August 2013. The concept of hyperloop
includes travelling people from one place to another place in a capsule which is
propelling at a very high speed. We can also call hyperloop as a solar powered
transportation system and it is an alternative of high speed train. Basically hyperloop is
magnetically levitated train which runs inside a long tube or pipe. It consists of low
pressure tube with capsule that is transported at both low and high speeds. It is driven by
linear induction motor and compressor. It includes 28 passenger pods.
For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be planted along the length of the tube,
propelling the pods forward. The tubes would house a low pressure environment,
surrounding the pod with a cushion of air that permits the pod to move safely at such high
speeds, like a puck gliding over an air hockey table. Given the tight quarters in the tube,
pressure buildup in front of the pod could be a problem. The tube needs a system to keep
air from building up in this way. Musk’s design recommends an air compressor on the
front of the pod that will move air from the front to the tail, keeping it aloft and
preventing pressure building up due to air displacement. A one way trip on the Hyperloop
is projected to take about 35 minutes (for comparison, traveling the same distance by car
takes roughly six hours.) Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located
either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length.
Hyperloop is based on a principle of magnetic levitation. The principle of
magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track
made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a
linear induction motor.

9. 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature Survey:
i. Jeffrey C. Chin, Justin S. Gray, Scott M. Jones, Jeffrey J. Berton, they
discussed about the Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models for the
Hyperloop Passenger Pod in this paper. They concluded that the refined
analysis illuminates several interdisciplinary couplings that alter two major
aspects of the initial concept. First, the pod travel speed and the tube cross
sectional area are linked, forcing the tube size to be to be roughly twice the
diameter of the original specification, in order for the pod to reach Mach 0.8.
Second, the steady-state tube temperature is dominated by ambient thermal
interactions unrelated to the heat generated by the pod compression system.
ii. Mark Sakowski (2016) discussed the current maglev technology along with
the theoretical evacuated tube technology and they concluded that the
hyperloop is feasible and if properly designed, has the potential to be much
more efficient in terms of energy usage of pods traversing down the tube.
iii. N. Kayela, (2014) investigated that the hyperloop is a fifth mode of
transportation alongside trains, planes, automobiles and boats. He discussed
about the railway track for the hyperloop, stations for the hyperloop. Also,
discussed about the two version of capsule that is one is passenger only
version and another is passenger plus vehicle version.
iv. Mohammed Imran (2016) He focused his study element on the hyperloop
technology (the passenger transport system). He discussed about the two
version of hyperloop in that one is passenger only version and another is
passenger plus vehicle version.
v. Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha"(PDF). SpaceX. Retrieved
August 13, 2013. He highlighted the hyperloop project and requirements to
develop the model.

10. 3
3. SYSTEM MODELING AND WORKING
3.1. Construction:
3.1.1 Tube:
The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes which are welded together side by side
configuration to allow the capsules travel in both directions. The tube will be supported
by pillars. There is a solar array are provided on a top of the tubes for the purpose of
power to the system.
Fig-1: Construction of tube
3.1.2 Capsule:
The capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and it send at a very high speed and it is
levitated by a high pressure air cushion. The design of capsule is start with the
aerodynamic shape. There are two version of capsule are being considered: a passenger
only version and a passenger plus vehicle version. Assuming an average departure time of
2 minutes between capsules, a minimum of 28 passengers per capsule are required to meet
840 passengers per hour. It is possible to further increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing
the time between departures.
The current baseline requires up to 40 capsules in activity during rush hour, 6 of
which are at the terminals for loading and unloading of the passengers in approximately 5
minutes.

11. 4
Fig-2: Arrangement in capsule
3.1.3 Compressor:
The compressor is fitted at the front side of the capsule. It supplies the air to the air
bearings which supports the weight of the capsule. The compressor allows the capsule to
traverse to the low pressure tube without choking the air flow that travels between tube
walls and capsule.
Fig-3: Compressor
3.1.4 Suspension:
Air bearing suspension offers stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost. A stiff
air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety. When there is a gap between
ski and tube walls is high then it shows the nonlinear reaction and which results in large
restoring pressure.

12. 5
Fig-4: Air bearing skies that support the capsule
3.1.5 Propulsions:
To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear induction motor is used in hyperloop
system. It provides some advantages over a permanent magnet motor. To accelerate the
capsules there is linear accelerators are constructed on a length of the tube. Stators are
placed on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear accelerators.
Fig-5: Propulsion

13. 6
3.2 Working of hyperloop system
Working of hyperloop system is based on magnetic levitation principle. As we
know that the passenger pad travel through low pressure tube which is pylon-supported
tube. In hyperloop system an air compressor fan is fitted on front side of pod which sucks
the air. It transfers high pressure air front side to the rear side of capsule (pod) and it
propel the pod. It creates the air cushion around the pod, so that the pod is suspended in
air within the tube.
On the basis of magnetic levitation principle, the pod will be propelled by the
linear induction motor. By the linear induction motor the capsule send from one place to
another place to a subsonic velocity that is slower than the speed of sound. The pod will
be self-powered. There is solar panel fitted on top of the tube. By this solar panel there is
enough energy is stored in battery packs to operate at night and in cloudy weather for
some periods. The energy is also is stored in the form of compressed air. The air between
the capsule acts as a cushions to prevent two capsules from colliding within the tube. In
above figure it shown that the air through the compressor is send to a bypass nozzle at the
rear end of the capsule. If capsule cover too much area of the tube then, the air is not flow
around the capsule and ultimately the entire column of air in the tube is being pushed
ahead of the capsule and because of this there is friction between the air and tube walls is
increases tremendously. Therefore, to avoid this problem the compressor is fitted at the
front of the capsule through which the air is flow which will not flow around the capsule
and send it to bypass nozzle.
Fig-6:Working of hyperloop system

14. 7
4. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT & ECONOMIC CONCERN
4.1 Energy, Environment and Economic Concern:
Hyerloop itself runs on renewable energies like Solar, Wind and Thermal power. So here
we are not using any energy out of burning fossils. Eventually there will be no air
pollution. Hyerloop runs in a nearly vacuum environment creating a frictionless journey
which produces less noise. Hyperloop either runs on pylons or through underground
tunnels, so there will be no disturbance to fertile lands and avoids traffic in cities. Also in
hyeprloop we don’t need to power up entire track to move the pod. An automated
software will just power up the track where the pod is hovering, hence less power
consumption. Very low energy consumption per mass per distance travelled. Very low
noise pollution to environment. Long service life and low maintenance. Not possible to
pollute (even throwing cigarette out of the window)
Musk claims Hyperloop pods will be faster than trains, safer than cars and much
less damaging to the environment than aircraft. With his focus on changing the world’s
energy systems, Hyperloop fits in with Musk’s aim to shift transport away from carbon to
renewables. A feasibility study by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) estimates
Hyperloop routes could be up to six times more energy efficient than air travel on short
routes while delivering speeds three times faster than the world’s fastest high-speed rail
system. Examining the potential for Hyperloop pods to be eco-friendlier than traditional
transport, researchers at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg estimated the effects
of building a 300km freight-dedicated Hyperloop in northern Germany. Quantifying the
impact of removing thousands of trucks from roads, reduced air pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions, they found Hyperloop could avoid emitting up to 140,000 tons of carbon
dioxide each year (along with up to 0.2% of Germany’s production of air pollutants like
methane and nitrous oxide) while delivering up to $1.07bn of value - equal to a third of
its estimated $3.2bn investment.

15. 8
Fig 7: Energy cost comparison

16. 9
4.2 Total Cost
The overall cost of the Hyperloop passenger capsule version (Table 1) is expected
to be under $1.35 million USD including manufacturing and assembly cost. With 40
capsules required for the expected demand, the total cost of capsules for the Hyperloop
system should be no more than $54 million USD or approximately 1% of the total
budget. Although the overall cost of the project would be higher, we have also detailed
the expected cost of a larger capsule (Table 2) which could carry not only passengers but
cargo and cars/SUVs as well. The frontal area of the capsule would have to be increased
to 4 m2
and the tube diameter would be increased to 3.3 m.

17. 10

18. 11
4.3Advantages and Limitation of Hyperloop
 Advantages
1) It saves the travelling time.
2) There is no problem of traffic.
3) It is powered by the solar panel.
4) It can travel in any kind of weather.
5) Operating cost of hyperloop is low.
6) Not disruptive to those along the route.
7) More convenient.
8) Resistance to earthquake.
 Limitations
1) Turning will be critical.
2) Less movable space for passenger.
3) High speed might cause dizziness in some passenger.
4) Punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves.

19. 12
5. CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusions:
A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop has been developed in this
report. The work has detailed two versions of the Hyperloop: a passenger only version
and a passenger plus vehicle version. Hyperloop could transport people, vehicles, and
freight between Los Angeles and San Francisco in 35 minutes. Transporting 7.4 million
people each way every year and amortizing the cost of $6 billion over 20 years gives a
ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the passenger version of Hyperloop. The
passenger only version of the Hyperloop is less than 9% of the cost of the proposed
passenger only high speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
An additional passenger plus transport version of the Hyperloop has been created
that is only 25% higher in cost than the passenger only version. This version would be
capable of transporting passengers, vehicles, freight, etc. The passenger plus vehicle
version of the Hyperloop is less than 11% of the cost of the proposed passenger only high
speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Additional technological
developments and further optimization could likely reduce this price.

20. 13
6. FUTURE SCOPE
Hyperloop is considered an open source transportation concept. The authors
encourage all members of the community to contribute to the Hyperloop design process.
Iteration of the design by various individuals and groups can help bring Hyperloop from
an idea to a reality.
The inventors recognize the need for additional work, including but not limited to:
1. More expansion on the control mechanism for Hyperloop capsules, including attitude
thruster or control moment gyros.
2. Detailed station designs with loading and unloading of both passenger and passenger
plus vehicle versions of the Hyperloop capsules.
3. Trades comparing the costs and benefits of Hyperloop with more conventional
magnetic levitation systems.
4. Sub-scale testing based on a further optimized design to demonstrate the physics of
Hyperloop.

21. 14
REFERENCES
[1] Ahmed Hodaib, Samar, et al, International Journal of mechanical, aerospace,
industrial, mechatronics and manufacturing engineering Vol:10 No:5, (May 2016)
[2] Chin, Jeffrey C.; Gray, Justin S.; Jones, Scott M.; Breton, Jeffrey J., Open-Source
Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod, 56th
AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference.
January 5–9, 2015. Kissimmee, Florida. doi:10.2514/6.2015-1587.
[3]Mark Sakowski, “The Next Contender in High Speed Transport Elon Musks
Hyperloop”, 2016
[4] N. Kayela,“Hyperloop: A Fifth Mode of Transportation”, 2014
[5] Mohammed Imran, International Journal of engineering research, 2016
[6] Musk Elon, "Hyperloop Alpha", SpaceX., August 13, 2013.