5. Predisposing factors:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Intravenous drug abuse
Immunosuppressive drug therapy
AIDS
DM
Old age >80 years
Chronic disorder
6.
7. Hematogenous spread
Most common form of spread
Usually affect people with underlying medical
problem
Direct inoculation
• May result from penetrating trauma
• Introduction of organism during diagnostic and
surgical procedure e.g. arthroscopy and intra-articular
injection
Direct spread from adjacent focal infection
8.
9.
10. Clinical manifestations
Fever
Acute severe pain
Swelling of the joint
Tenderness
Warmth
Limited joint mobility
11. Imaging:
X-RAY:
Early stage –soft tissue swelling, loss of tissue planes,
widening of joint space and slight sublaxation due to
fluid in the joint.
Gas may be seen with E.coli infection
Late stage – narrowing and irregularity of joint space
Periosteal reaction, bone destruction and
sequestrum formation
12.
13. Lateral view of ankle joint, exaggerated soft tissue swelling,
decreased joint space with sclerotic ends of bone
16. Head of femur deformed and
necrosed,loss of joint space LEFT SIDE
17. Ultrasonography
More reliable in revealing a joint effusion in early
cases.
Widening of space between capsule and bone of
>2mm indicates effusion.
Echo free transient synovitis
Positively echogenic septic arthritis
Ultrasound can detect joint-swelling.
18. Being a non- ionizing, easily available, non-invasive
and relatively cheap modality, Ultrasound should be
first line of investigation in a suspected case of
infective arthritis.
22. Late findings(2-3 w):
Joint space narrowing
Blurring of fat planes
Increased density of fatty marrow
Periosteal reaction
Cortical erosion or destruction
Intraosseous gas
23. CT Scan demonstrating soft tissue oedema localised to the
right sternoclavicular joint (A) and appearances of an
associated joint effusion, erosion and destruction of sternal end
24. CT of left hip joint The dd included septic
arthritis/osteomyelitis joint
25. Sagittal CT scan of C-spine shows a bone
erosion of the anterior portion of odontoid
process of C2 (arrow)
26. MRI findings:
• Synovial enhancement
• Perisynovial edema and joint effusion.
• Single or multiple radiolucent abscesses
• Assessment of the extent of tissue affected
27. Significance of CT and MRI:
• Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CT and
MRI are now considered standard in the diagnosis of
septic arthritis because they have,
• Excellent spatial resolution
• Early detection
• Assessment of the extent of tissue affected
Although expensive, they are sensitive and specific.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Nuclear medicine imaging:
Nuclear medicine imaging can detect septic arthritis
10 to 14 days before changes are visible on plain
radiographs.
Highly Sensitive but Nonspecific
Inexpensive
Focal hyper perfusion
Focal hyperemia
Focal bone uptake
33. Complications:
bone destruction and dislocation of the joint
(especially hip)
Cartilage destruction
May lead to either fibrosis or bony ankylosis
In adult partial destruction of the joint will result in
secondary osteoarthritis
Growth disturbance
Presenting as either localized deformity or shortening
of the bone