4. Proximal end
Intracapsular
Capital : Fracture of the head
Subcapital :below the femoral head
Transcervical :across the mid-femoral neck
Basicervical :across the base of the femoral neck.
These injuries (last three)may be correctly termed
fractures of the 'neck of femur' (NOF).
5. Extra Capsular
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric
Shaft
Distal end
Supracondylar
Condylar
10. The Garden classification of femoral
neck fractures
Based on the degree of displacement on the anteroposterior
radiographs.
Differentiation has therapeutic as well as prognostic value.
Type I and II fractures have a low incidence of avscular
necrosis .
19. Fractures of lower end of femur
Extra-articular or supracondylar in which the fracture does
not extend to the knee joint line.
20.
21. Partial-articular / condylar
The fracture extends to the knee joint line but part of the
condyles remain attached to the femur shaft.
22.
23. Complete-articular or intercondylar
The fracture extends to the knee joint line but the
condyles are completely separated from the femur
shaft.
24.
25. Supracondylar Fractures
The lower fragment is drawn backward by the gastrocnemius
and plantaris, and the popliteal vessels and internal popliteal
nerve may either be wounded or stretched over its sharp
upper edge. The artery lying deepest is the most liable to
injury, then the vein, and finally the nerve.
32. Tibial plateau fractures
Fractures of the tibial plateau can be subtle or wide
displacement with varying degrees of comminution.
There may be depression of the plateau surface,
displacement of a fracture fragment or both.
Lipohaemarthrosis.
33. Lateral tibial plateau fracture
The fracture fragment is displaced and depressed from its normal
position
38. ANKLE FRACTURES
Lateral malleolar fractures
Lateral malleolar fractures are categorized according to their
position in relation to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis at
the level of the ankle joint.
39. Weber fracture classification
Weber A = Distal to ankle joint
Weber B = At level of ankle joint
Weber C = Proximal to ankle joint
44. Maisonneuve fracture
Spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated
with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the
interosseous membrane.
There is an associated fracture of the medial malleolus or
rupture of the deep deltoid ligament.
46. Osteochondral Fractures
Occasionally ankle trauma causes a fracture of the
talus bone surface. These 'osteochondral' injuries are
often subtle and so this area should be assessed
carefully on all post-traumatic ankle X-rays.
48. Calcaneal Fractures
Falling from height can lead to severe calcaneal fractures,
which may be accompanied by axial loading fractures of the
spine.
Calcaneal fractures due to a fall from height are often
comminuted and intra-articular.
49. Bohler’s Angle
A line is drawn from the tuberosity to the most superior part
of the posterior facet.
Another line is drawn from the most superior part of the
facet to the anterior process.
Normally the angle created is between 20 and 40 degrees.
If the angle is less than 20 degrees, this indicates depressed
fracture.
51. The critical angle of Gissane
It is formed by a line along the lateral margin of the posterior
facet and another line extending anterior to the beak of the
calcaneus. The normal value is 95 to 105 degrees with an
increase representing posterior facet collapse
52.
53. Types of calcaneal fractures
Intra and Extrarticular fractures on the basis of subtalar joint
involvement.
Intrarticular fractures are more common and involve the
posterior talar articular facet of the calcaneus.
Extrarticular fractures are less common, and located
anywhere outside the subtalar joint.
54. The Sanders system classification
Is the most commonly used system for categorizing
intrarticular fractures.
Classifies these fractures into four types, based on the location
of the fracture at the posterior articular surface.
55. TYPES
TTyyppee II ffrraaccttuurreess are non-displaced fractures (displacement <
2 mm).
TTyyppee IIII ffrraaccttuurreess consist of a single intrarticular fracture that
divides the calcaneus into 2 pieces.
TTyyppee IIIIII ffrraaccttuurreess consist of two intrarticular fractures that
divide the calcaneus into 3 articular pieces.
TTyyppee IIVV ffrraaccttuurreess consist of fractures with more than three
intrarticular fractures.
56.
57. Metatarsal Fractures
Oblique fracture of 5th metatarsal shaft
5TH Metatarsal base fracture
Metatarsal stress fractures
Stress fractures of the metatarsals are common in athletically
active individuals. These may not be visible on initial X-rays
but follow up images show periosteal stress reaction. This
has the appearance of fusiform bone expansion.
58.
59. NORMAL UNFUSED 5TH METATARSAL bone apophysis is
aligned more longitudinally along the bone
Intracapsular fracture - Subcapital –AP
Shenton&apos;s line is disrupted
Increased density of the femoral neck is due to overlapping - impacted bone
The lesser trochanter is more prominent than usual - due to external rotation of the femur g3
subcapital
Intertrochanteric fracture
A fracture line runs between the trochanters
There is comminution with separation of the lesser trochanter
Note the fracture does not involve the femoral neck
Subtrochanteric fracture
This fracture passes distal to the trochanters
The femoral neck remains intact
g1
Garden 4
Spiral fracture with posterior angulation, lateral displacement and shortening
There is rotation of the distal femur so the knee faces laterally
X-rays of the proximal femur (not shown) did not reveal further injury
Injury occurred in a road traffic crash
Pathological femoral shaft fracture
Transverse fracture with rotational displacement and shortening
Patient with known history of widespread bone metastases - note the abnormal bone texture
Injury occurred after a trivial fall
supracondylar
Fracture medial condyle
Knee - Fabella
A fabella is a normal sesamoid bone of the lateral head of gastrocnemius tendon - not to be mistaken for a fracture or loose body
Bipartite patella
The patella is bipartite (in 2 parts) - a common normal variant
Patellar fracture - Lateral
Increased density separating the fat pads indicates a joint effusion due to leakage of blood (haemarthrosis)
Tibial plateau fracture - AP
(Same patient as below)
Lateral tibial plateau fracture
The fracture fragment is displaced and depressed from its normal position (dotted line)
Tibial plateau fracture - Lateral
(Same patient as above)
No visible fracture line
Depressed tibial plateau contour (arrow)
Lipohaemarthrosis (fat and blood in the joint)
Tibial and fibular fracture
Comminuted fractures of the tibial and fibular shafts with medial displacement and posterior angulation
X-rays of the distal end of the bones (not shown) did not reveal further injury
Tibial stress fracture
Periosteal stress reaction are signs of stress injury (often not present on the initial X-ray)
History of chronic pain worsened by activity
Toddler&apos;s fracture
Fine spiral line through the tibial shaft
This toddler presented with refusal to weight-bear Often there is little or no displacement and the fracture line is very subtle
Lateral malleolus fracture example - AP
Soft tissue swelling laterally (asterisks)
Transverse fracture of fibular tip (Weber A)
The ankle joint remains aligned normally
Bimalleolar fracture - AP
Transverse medial malleolus fracture
Lateral malleolus fracture - at level of ankle joint (Weber B)
Joint widened medially due to lateral displacement of the talus
Trimalleolar fracture - AP and Lateral
1 - Medial malleolus fracture
2 - Lateral malleolus fracture - proximal to the ankle and extending up the fibula (Weber C fracture)
3 - Posterior malleolus fracture
The joint is unstable and widened anteriorly (arrowheads) and at the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis (asterisk)
The talus is displaced posteriorly and laterally along with the medial and lateral malleolus bone fragments
Maisonneuve fracture - Ankle AP
(Same case as below)
1 - Disruption of the medial ankle joint with small bone avulsion
2 - Disruption of the distal tibio-fibular syndesmosis
No fibular fracture is visible at the ankle raising the suspicion of a proximal fibular fracture
Spiral comminuted fracture of the proximal fibula
Osteochondral fracture
Loss of the normal talar dome cortex contour due to an osteochondral fracture
Bohler’s angle may be aberrant with displaced extraarticular and intraarticular fractures
The critical angle is more specific for intraarticular distortion.
Depression of the articular surface of the posterior subtalar joint (red line) from its normal position (green line)
NORMAL UNFUSED 5TH METATARSAL bone apophysis is aligned more longitudinally along the bone