This is our group's assignment regarding 'Cholera' under the epidemiology subject for this sem.1 '14/15_Biomedic3rdYr

1. BY:
Nurul Ain Bt. Rosli
Nur Azimah Bt. Azman
Raja Nur Rahifah Inani Bt. Raja Abdul Rahman

2. DEFINITION..
• An acute diarrheal illness
• Caused by infection of the intestine
• By bacteria Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae)
• Through ingestion of food or water
contaminated with V. cholerae
• Can be endemic, epidemic, pandemic

3. Infectious agent : Vibrio cholerae
• A gram-negative bacteria
• Comma-shaped
• 1-3 mm (length), 0.5-0.8 mm
(diameter)
• Non-spore forming
• Single, polar flagellum
• Oxidase positive
• Multiply freely in water
• Has 2 major biotypes:
– Classical
– El Tor

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY: WORLDWIDE
• 7 cholera pandemics since 1817.
• The first 6 (from 1817-1923) - caused by V.cholerae.
• Originated in Asia with subsequent spread to other continents.
• The 7th pandemic:
– Began in Indonesia (1961)
– Affected more countries and continents
– Caused by V.cholerae El Tor
• October 1992:
– Cholera epidemic emerged from Madras, India
– Caused by a new serogroup 0139 (Bengal)
• Then, spread throughout Bangladesh, India, and the neighboring countries
in Asia.
• In United States and other developed countries, cholera is not a major
threat (rare).

6. Epidemiology: Malaysia
• 11th May 1996:
– First case of cholera was confirmed
– Caused by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor
• Since then, total of 607 cases have been
confirmed in the whole country, 476 of them
were in Penang

7. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

8. Pathophysiology Of Cholera Disease

9. TRANSMISSIONS
Drinking
contaminated
water
Eating raw
oysters

10. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Isolation and identification
of Vibrio cholerae
• Dark field or phase
contrast microscopy.
• Culture of stool specimen
on selective thiosulfate-citrate-
bile salts-sucrose
(TCBS) agar plate.
• Yellow colonies is formed.

11. PCR- detect
genetic material
of cholera
Rapid
immunochromatograph
ic dipstick testing- areas
where cholera is
endemic

12. TREATMENTS
Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS)
• To replace the fluid loss in the body
• Rehydration
Intravenous Fluid
• For severe cases.
Antibiotics
• Doxycycline
• Azithromycin

13. CONTROLS
• Set up treatment
centers for rapid
treatment.
• Food safety and
animal health
measures.

14. PREVENTIONS
• Drink only safe water!
• Avoid raw meat. Eg : sushi.
• Eat food that's completely cooked and hot.
• Wash hands with soap and water frequently.
• Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel
yourself.
• Be wary of dairy foods, including ice cream.
• Go get vaccine!

15. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES
“For Allah loves those who turn to Him
constantly and He loves those who
keep pure and clean”
(Al-Baqarah 2:222)
Prophet Muhammad PBUH said
“purification is half of faith”
(Hadith Muslim)