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Ringkasan
Hasil Surveilans Terintegrasi Biologis &
Perilaku pada Kelompok Risiko Tinggi 2007 di
Beberapa Kota, Indonesia
Tjandra Yoga Aditama
DirJen PP & PL – DepKes RI
Metodologi
• Ada 4 kelompok sasaran:
– Wanita penjaja seksual (WPS)
– Lelaki berisiko tinggi
– Lelaki suka lelaki
– Waria
– Pengguna napza suntik
• Metode pemilihan sampel:
– Sampel Kluster tempat dan Waktu
– Respondent Driven Sampling
Wanita Penjaja Seks: 16 lokasi
IBBS 10
BBS 6
Pria Berisiko Tinggi: 11 lokasi
IBBS 7
BBS 4
Lelaki Suka Lelaki : 6 Lokasi
IBBS 3
BBS 3
Waria: 5 Lokasi
IBBS 3
BBS 2
Penasun: 6 lokasi
IBBS 4
BBS 2
Wanita Penjaja Seks
Distribusi Umur WPS
6.1
58.4
35.5
8.2
62.5
29.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
< 20 20 - 30 > 30
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Distribusi Tingkat Pendidikan
27.1
63.5
9.38
61.2
30.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No School Elementary School - Junior HS Senior High School and Higher
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Distribusi Status Perkawinan
16.3
10.3
73.4
24.4
21.9
53.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never Married Married Unmarried
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Median Jumlah Klien Seminggu
Terakhir per Kota
5 5
8
6
5
6
14
4
3
4
6
1
6
3
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
North
Sumatra
Riau
Islands
Jakarta West Java Central
Java
East Java Bali Tanah
Papua
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Pemanfaatan Layanan Tes HIV
dan IMS
50.6
44.4
62.6
36
29
40.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ever HIV test HIV tested past year Visit STI Clinic in the Past 3 months
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Tren Pemakaian Kondom Terakhir &
Selalu Pakai Kondom Seminggu Terakhir
pada WPS, 2002 -2007
54.8
60.8 65.8
52.7
56.9
66.2
22
29.8
35.6
25
31.9
34.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2002 2004 2007
Last Condom Use Direct FSW
Last Condom Use Indirect FSW
Always Condom Use in the past week Direct FSW
Always Condom Use in the past week Indirect FSW
Prevalensi HIV pada WPS di
beberapa Kota, 2007
16.9
14.4
14.0
11.6 11.6
10.1 10.0
6.6
6.0
8.3
2.5
8.8
3.3
2.4
5.7
1.6
4.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sorong Jayapura Denpasar Batam Bandung Surabaya Jakarta Semarang Medan
City
PercentofHIV
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Tren Prevalensi Klamidia pada
WPS, 2003 - 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2003 2005 2007
CT
Medan
Semarang
Banyuwangi
Jayapura
Tren Prevalensi Gonore pada
WPS, 2003-2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2003 2005 2007
NG
Medan
Semarang
Banyuwangi
Jayapura
Prevalensi IMS (gonore atau
klamidia) pada WPS, 2007
66.8
64.9
62.2
56.0
44.2
35.1
31.7
37.6
38.7
36.0
38.53
28.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bandung Medan Jakarta Semarang Jayapura Surabaya
City
PercentagesofNGorCT
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Prevalensi Sifilis pada WPS, 2007
25.7
20.5
13.6
12.2 12.4
8.5
6.6
11.5
14.8
2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2
2.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Jakarta Medan Bandung Jayapura Sorong Surabaya Semarang
Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
Prevalensi HIV lebih tinggi pada
WPS yang lebih muda usia
HIV prevalence by age group and type of FSW
12.8
5.8
9.4
3.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
DFSW IFSW
HIVprevalence(%)
Aged <25 years
Aged >=25 years
PRIA BERISIKO TINGGI
Sebagian besar berstatus
menikah
Currently married, by profession
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Seafearer Dock workers Truckers Moto-taxi
%
Pria berisiko tinggi punyak banyak
pasangan seks, terutama Sopir truk &
Pelaut
Sexual partner past year among those who ever had sex, by
profession
7 9
13
5
17
19
24
19
29
21
45
60
35
28
64
61
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dock workers Moto-taxi Seafearer Truckers
%
No partner
past year
Casual past
year
FSW past
year
Multiple
partners
past year
HIV juga sudah ditemukan pada
pria berisiko tinggi di luar Papua
HIV prevalence, by profession
1.2
1.0
0.5
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Dock workers Moto-taxi Seafearer Truckers
%
SAMPLE IN PAPUA
Prevalensi IMS cukup tinggi
dan bervariasi di berbagai
wilayah
8.3
7.4
1.6
3.2
4.5
9.3
12.0
1.3
5.7
3.1
3.6
12.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
DKI Jawa Tengah Sumut Jawa Timur Irian Jaya Papua Riau
Syphilis CT or NG
Lelaki Suka Lelaki
LSL umumnya berusia muda, dan
tidak menikah
37.9
41.2
21.0
79.6
15.4
5.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15-24 25-39 >=35 Never married Married Separated /
widower
Age Group Marrtal Status
Tingkat Pendidikan LSL cukup
Tinggi
Highest level completed at school
4
13
58
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Elementary Junior high Senior high College/uni
%
Sebagian besar LSL bekerja dan
berpenghasilan
Source of income in the past month
45
26
9
7 7 6
0 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Job w/ salary Independent
worker
Beauty
parlor/salon
Unemployed Student Trader Other Sell sex
%
Lebih dari 1/3 LSL adalah
biseksual
Proportion of homosexual and bisexual among Indonesian MSM
Homosexual, 61 Bisexual, 39
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
LSL mempunyai berbagai jenis
pasangan seks
Type of partners in the past year
87
48
20
16
41
14
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male casual
partner
Male client MSW Waria Female casual Female client FSW
%
Median jumlah pasangan seks LSL
pada sebulan terakhir
10
3
4
7
2
4
2
2
4.5
3
2
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jakarta Bandung Surabaya Medan Batam Malang
Median Number of Female partners
Median Number of Male partners
Cukup banyak LSL yang menggunakan
narkoba
Used methamphetamine past 3 months
31
25
10 10
8
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jakarta Batam Medan Surabaya Bandung Malang
%
Sebagian besar LSL melkaukan seks
anal insertif yang tidak aman
Unprotected sex in insertive anal sex past month
16
23
11
16
17
18
58
62
67
64
72
77
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Bandung
Malang
Surabaya
Batam
Jakarta
Medan
No insertive
anal sex
Always
condom
Not always
condom
Ternyata juga pada seks anal yang
reseptif….!
Exposure to unprotected receptive anal sex
24
17
12
11
18
18
59
61
65
66
73
75
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Jakarta
Batam
Medan
Malang
Surabaya
Bandung
No receptive
anal sex
Always
condom
Not always
condom
Pasangan seks kasual & Klien pria yang
umumnya seks anal tak aman
Exposure to unprotected sex with male partners in the past month
42
20
7
1
25
66
88
97
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Male casual partner
Male client
MSW
Waria sex workers
Not always
condom
Always
condom
No anal sex
No partner
Prevalence IMS tinggi dan juga Prevalensi
HIV pada LSL
8.1
5.6
2.0
33.2 33.6
29.3
8.4
5.2 5.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Jakarta Surabaya Bandung
HIV Rectal STI Urethral STI
Waria
Waria umumnya berpendidikan
tidak terlalu tinggi
Sebagian besar Waria menjual seks,
separuhnya punya pasangan lelaki
44
54
47.5
39.4
42.5
0.8 0.4 1 2 2.4
82.4
95.6 94.5
72
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jakarta Bandung Semarang Malang Surabaya
Male regular partner Female regular partner Sell sex
Penggunaan kondom pada seks
anal seks belum memadai
10.4
46
9.5
12.5
35.2
12.8
48
32
24
34.8
11.2
48.4
27.5
23
38.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jakarta Bandung Semarang Malang Surabaya
Consistent Condom Use-Insertive Consistent Condom Use-Receptive Consistent Lubricant Use
Prevalensi HIV & IMS rektum cukup
tinggi pada Waria
Trem HIV pada Waria di Jakarta
terus meningkat
0.3
3.2
6
21.7
25
34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1995 1996 1997 2002 2005 2007
Pengguna Napza Suntik
(Penasun)
Penasun berusia muda dan
sebgain besar adalah pria
31.1
46.9
22.0
96.2
3.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
<=24 25-29 >=30 Male Female
Age Group Gender
Seperempat Penasun menikah
Marital status of IDU, by gender
68
28
4
47
21
32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never married Currently married Separated / widowed
%
Men
Women
Sebagian besar Penasun bekerja tidak
jelas, hanya sekitar 27% berpenghasilan
tetapSource of income of IDU
51
27
7 6 6
2 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Odd jobs Job w/ salary Student Family support No source of
income
Other Snatching
stealing
%
Sejak usia muda mengawali
perilaku menyuntik
Age at first injection
29 29
26
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
<=18 19 to 21 22 to 25 > 25
%
Sudah cukup lama perilaku menyuntik
dilakukan di beberapa kota
Number of years since first injection, by city
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Semarang
Jakarta
Malang
Medan
Bandung
Surabaya
< =2 years
3-6 years
7-20 years
Heroin, amfetamin & subutex:
napza yang sering dipakai
Substance of abuse in the past year
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Heroin
Amphetamine
Subutex
Benzodiazepine
Ecstasy
Codein
Methadone
Opium
LSD
Ketamine
Injected
Not injected
Not used
Cakupan layanan jarum steril meningkat, juga
penurunan pakai jarum bersama (except Jakarta)
96
52
16
73
37
63
66
24
33
75
56
4
51
33
13
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2004 2007 2004 2007
Received needle from NEP past week Shared needles past week
%
Medan
Jakarta
Bandung
Surabaya
Tetapi, pakai Napza yang dicampur
bareng umum terjadi di mana mana
Penasun juga aktif melakukan
seks dengan banyak pasangan
Number of sexual partners reported by IDU in the past year
23 30 47
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
No partner
Single partner
Multiple partner
Prevalensi HIV sudah sangat tinggi
pada penasun di mana mana
HIV prevalence among IDU, by province
56 56 55
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Medan Surabaya Jakarta Bandung
%
Kesimpulan
• Tren Peningkatan penularan HIV dan IMS pada
semua kelompok berisiko, perlu mendorong
perluasan dan intesifikasi upaya-upaya
penanggulangan.
• Layanan tes HIV perlu ditingkatkan, termasuk
pasangan kelompok berisiko.
• Peningkatan promosi jarum dan kondom telah
menunjukkan upaya pencegahan, perlu
diperluas agar berdampak pada epidemi HIV di
Indonesia.
Terima Kasih

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Hasil Surveilans Terintegrasi Biologis & Perilaku pada Kelompok Risiko Tinggi 2007

  • 1. Ringkasan Hasil Surveilans Terintegrasi Biologis & Perilaku pada Kelompok Risiko Tinggi 2007 di Beberapa Kota, Indonesia Tjandra Yoga Aditama DirJen PP & PL – DepKes RI
  • 2. Metodologi • Ada 4 kelompok sasaran: – Wanita penjaja seksual (WPS) – Lelaki berisiko tinggi – Lelaki suka lelaki – Waria – Pengguna napza suntik • Metode pemilihan sampel: – Sampel Kluster tempat dan Waktu – Respondent Driven Sampling
  • 3. Wanita Penjaja Seks: 16 lokasi IBBS 10 BBS 6
  • 4. Pria Berisiko Tinggi: 11 lokasi IBBS 7 BBS 4
  • 5. Lelaki Suka Lelaki : 6 Lokasi IBBS 3 BBS 3
  • 10. Distribusi Tingkat Pendidikan 27.1 63.5 9.38 61.2 30.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 No School Elementary School - Junior HS Senior High School and Higher Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 12. Median Jumlah Klien Seminggu Terakhir per Kota 5 5 8 6 5 6 14 4 3 4 6 1 6 3 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 North Sumatra Riau Islands Jakarta West Java Central Java East Java Bali Tanah Papua Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 13. Pemanfaatan Layanan Tes HIV dan IMS 50.6 44.4 62.6 36 29 40.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Ever HIV test HIV tested past year Visit STI Clinic in the Past 3 months Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 14. Tren Pemakaian Kondom Terakhir & Selalu Pakai Kondom Seminggu Terakhir pada WPS, 2002 -2007 54.8 60.8 65.8 52.7 56.9 66.2 22 29.8 35.6 25 31.9 34.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2002 2004 2007 Last Condom Use Direct FSW Last Condom Use Indirect FSW Always Condom Use in the past week Direct FSW Always Condom Use in the past week Indirect FSW
  • 15. Prevalensi HIV pada WPS di beberapa Kota, 2007 16.9 14.4 14.0 11.6 11.6 10.1 10.0 6.6 6.0 8.3 2.5 8.8 3.3 2.4 5.7 1.6 4.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Sorong Jayapura Denpasar Batam Bandung Surabaya Jakarta Semarang Medan City PercentofHIV Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 16. Tren Prevalensi Klamidia pada WPS, 2003 - 2007 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2003 2005 2007 CT Medan Semarang Banyuwangi Jayapura
  • 17. Tren Prevalensi Gonore pada WPS, 2003-2007 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2003 2005 2007 NG Medan Semarang Banyuwangi Jayapura
  • 18. Prevalensi IMS (gonore atau klamidia) pada WPS, 2007 66.8 64.9 62.2 56.0 44.2 35.1 31.7 37.6 38.7 36.0 38.53 28.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 Bandung Medan Jakarta Semarang Jayapura Surabaya City PercentagesofNGorCT Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 19. Prevalensi Sifilis pada WPS, 2007 25.7 20.5 13.6 12.2 12.4 8.5 6.6 11.5 14.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Jakarta Medan Bandung Jayapura Sorong Surabaya Semarang Direct FSWs Indirect FSWs
  • 20. Prevalensi HIV lebih tinggi pada WPS yang lebih muda usia HIV prevalence by age group and type of FSW 12.8 5.8 9.4 3.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 DFSW IFSW HIVprevalence(%) Aged <25 years Aged >=25 years
  • 22. Sebagian besar berstatus menikah Currently married, by profession 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Seafearer Dock workers Truckers Moto-taxi %
  • 23. Pria berisiko tinggi punyak banyak pasangan seks, terutama Sopir truk & Pelaut Sexual partner past year among those who ever had sex, by profession 7 9 13 5 17 19 24 19 29 21 45 60 35 28 64 61 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Dock workers Moto-taxi Seafearer Truckers % No partner past year Casual past year FSW past year Multiple partners past year
  • 24. HIV juga sudah ditemukan pada pria berisiko tinggi di luar Papua HIV prevalence, by profession 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Dock workers Moto-taxi Seafearer Truckers % SAMPLE IN PAPUA
  • 25. Prevalensi IMS cukup tinggi dan bervariasi di berbagai wilayah 8.3 7.4 1.6 3.2 4.5 9.3 12.0 1.3 5.7 3.1 3.6 12.3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 DKI Jawa Tengah Sumut Jawa Timur Irian Jaya Papua Riau Syphilis CT or NG
  • 27. LSL umumnya berusia muda, dan tidak menikah 37.9 41.2 21.0 79.6 15.4 5.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 15-24 25-39 >=35 Never married Married Separated / widower Age Group Marrtal Status
  • 28. Tingkat Pendidikan LSL cukup Tinggi Highest level completed at school 4 13 58 24 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Elementary Junior high Senior high College/uni %
  • 29. Sebagian besar LSL bekerja dan berpenghasilan Source of income in the past month 45 26 9 7 7 6 0 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Job w/ salary Independent worker Beauty parlor/salon Unemployed Student Trader Other Sell sex %
  • 30. Lebih dari 1/3 LSL adalah biseksual Proportion of homosexual and bisexual among Indonesian MSM Homosexual, 61 Bisexual, 39 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1
  • 31. LSL mempunyai berbagai jenis pasangan seks Type of partners in the past year 87 48 20 16 41 14 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Male casual partner Male client MSW Waria Female casual Female client FSW %
  • 32. Median jumlah pasangan seks LSL pada sebulan terakhir 10 3 4 7 2 4 2 2 4.5 3 2 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Jakarta Bandung Surabaya Medan Batam Malang Median Number of Female partners Median Number of Male partners
  • 33. Cukup banyak LSL yang menggunakan narkoba Used methamphetamine past 3 months 31 25 10 10 8 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Jakarta Batam Medan Surabaya Bandung Malang %
  • 34. Sebagian besar LSL melkaukan seks anal insertif yang tidak aman Unprotected sex in insertive anal sex past month 16 23 11 16 17 18 58 62 67 64 72 77 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Bandung Malang Surabaya Batam Jakarta Medan No insertive anal sex Always condom Not always condom
  • 35. Ternyata juga pada seks anal yang reseptif….! Exposure to unprotected receptive anal sex 24 17 12 11 18 18 59 61 65 66 73 75 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Jakarta Batam Medan Malang Surabaya Bandung No receptive anal sex Always condom Not always condom
  • 36. Pasangan seks kasual & Klien pria yang umumnya seks anal tak aman Exposure to unprotected sex with male partners in the past month 42 20 7 1 25 66 88 97 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Male casual partner Male client MSW Waria sex workers Not always condom Always condom No anal sex No partner
  • 37. Prevalence IMS tinggi dan juga Prevalensi HIV pada LSL 8.1 5.6 2.0 33.2 33.6 29.3 8.4 5.2 5.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 Jakarta Surabaya Bandung HIV Rectal STI Urethral STI
  • 38. Waria
  • 40. Sebagian besar Waria menjual seks, separuhnya punya pasangan lelaki 44 54 47.5 39.4 42.5 0.8 0.4 1 2 2.4 82.4 95.6 94.5 72 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Jakarta Bandung Semarang Malang Surabaya Male regular partner Female regular partner Sell sex
  • 41. Penggunaan kondom pada seks anal seks belum memadai 10.4 46 9.5 12.5 35.2 12.8 48 32 24 34.8 11.2 48.4 27.5 23 38.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Jakarta Bandung Semarang Malang Surabaya Consistent Condom Use-Insertive Consistent Condom Use-Receptive Consistent Lubricant Use
  • 42. Prevalensi HIV & IMS rektum cukup tinggi pada Waria
  • 43. Trem HIV pada Waria di Jakarta terus meningkat 0.3 3.2 6 21.7 25 34 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1995 1996 1997 2002 2005 2007
  • 45. Penasun berusia muda dan sebgain besar adalah pria 31.1 46.9 22.0 96.2 3.9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 <=24 25-29 >=30 Male Female Age Group Gender
  • 46. Seperempat Penasun menikah Marital status of IDU, by gender 68 28 4 47 21 32 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Never married Currently married Separated / widowed % Men Women
  • 47. Sebagian besar Penasun bekerja tidak jelas, hanya sekitar 27% berpenghasilan tetapSource of income of IDU 51 27 7 6 6 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Odd jobs Job w/ salary Student Family support No source of income Other Snatching stealing %
  • 48. Sejak usia muda mengawali perilaku menyuntik Age at first injection 29 29 26 16 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 <=18 19 to 21 22 to 25 > 25 %
  • 49. Sudah cukup lama perilaku menyuntik dilakukan di beberapa kota Number of years since first injection, by city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Semarang Jakarta Malang Medan Bandung Surabaya < =2 years 3-6 years 7-20 years
  • 50. Heroin, amfetamin & subutex: napza yang sering dipakai Substance of abuse in the past year 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Heroin Amphetamine Subutex Benzodiazepine Ecstasy Codein Methadone Opium LSD Ketamine Injected Not injected Not used
  • 51. Cakupan layanan jarum steril meningkat, juga penurunan pakai jarum bersama (except Jakarta) 96 52 16 73 37 63 66 24 33 75 56 4 51 33 13 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2004 2007 2004 2007 Received needle from NEP past week Shared needles past week % Medan Jakarta Bandung Surabaya
  • 52. Tetapi, pakai Napza yang dicampur bareng umum terjadi di mana mana
  • 53. Penasun juga aktif melakukan seks dengan banyak pasangan Number of sexual partners reported by IDU in the past year 23 30 47 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 No partner Single partner Multiple partner
  • 54. Prevalensi HIV sudah sangat tinggi pada penasun di mana mana HIV prevalence among IDU, by province 56 56 55 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Medan Surabaya Jakarta Bandung %
  • 55. Kesimpulan • Tren Peningkatan penularan HIV dan IMS pada semua kelompok berisiko, perlu mendorong perluasan dan intesifikasi upaya-upaya penanggulangan. • Layanan tes HIV perlu ditingkatkan, termasuk pasangan kelompok berisiko. • Peningkatan promosi jarum dan kondom telah menunjukkan upaya pencegahan, perlu diperluas agar berdampak pada epidemi HIV di Indonesia.