2. African Hawk II
Automated Version
Graduation Project
Done By:
Mamdouh Sadek Al- Moatasem BelaaH
Samy Samir Khattab

3. Introduction

4. Introduction
• Mini UAVs
• Pheonix 607 (2006/2007)
• Mantis (2007/2009)
• Buraq (2008/2009)
• African Hawk (2009/2010)

5. Introduction
• It’s a Vision
• UAS
• Autopilot

6. Introduction
Objectives
• Modeling and Manufacturing of the aircraft.
• Design and installation of autopilot chip
onboard of the aircraft.

8. Introduction
What’s New?!
• Internal Arrangement
• Landing Gear
• Vacuum Bagging
• MicroPilot Autopilot
• Emergency Recovery System

9. Propulsion Model

10. Objective
• Set Mathematical to relate parameters
• Thrust
• RPM
• Velocity

11. Experimental Test
• Relation between throttle position,
Thrust and RPM

12. Measuring Thrust

13. Measuring RPM

14. Results
1- Thrust Vs. Throttle Position
4500
y = 0.209x2 + 18.981x
4000
R² = 0.9939
3500
3000
thrust(gm)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
throttle position (%)

15. 2- RPM Vs. Throttle Position
10000
y = -0.3269x2 + 121.4x
9000 R² = 0.9887
8000
7000
6000
RPM
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Throttle Position (%)

16. 3-Thrust Vs. RPM
12000
y = 2.5148x
R² = 0.8367
10000
8000
rpm
6000
4000
2000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
THRUST(gm)

17. Endurance Vs. Throttle Position-4
140
120
y = 103681x-2.112
R² = 0.9964
100
Endurance- min
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Throttle position (%)

18. 5Thrust Vs. airplane Velocity
• BEM Theory
• CL and CD
• No geometry for blades
• 3D Scanning
• 2D Sections

19. Geometric Model

20. What’s New ?!
• Nothing Changed in the external geometry
• Some internal parts were edited
• Some new internal parts were added

21. Wing

22. Wing
Ribs

23. Servo Motors
Flap Servo

24. Servos
Slim Servo

25. Fuselage

26. Fuselage

27. Fuselage
Frame

28. Fuselage
Battery Lower Holder

29. Fuselage
Battery Upper Holder

30. Landing Gear Housing

31. Landing Gear Housing

32. Landing Gear Housing

33. Mass Model

34. Mass Model
• Objective:
Center of Gravity of the aircraft is related to
the stability condition of the aircraft.
Moment of inertias will be needed for the
calculation of the stability derivatives.

35. Mass Model
• Two methods of calculations:
The first method (using CAD software)
The second technique (Manual calculations)

36. Mass Model
• Firstly we will define the Axis system we used:
We took the center of the general Axis at the
leading edge of the airfoil cross section of the
wing’s root.
The +ve Z direction is upward,
the +ve Y direction is in the right wing
direction from the front view,
the +ve X direction is in the direction of the
fuselage rear.

37. Mass Model
• The aircraft is divided into 3 main sections of
components:
Structural Components.
Propulsion Components.
Control Components.

38. Mass Model
Results

39. Aerodynamic model
Cl-alfa curve •
cl-alfa
1.4
wing only
airplane
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
cl
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
alfa

40. Aerodynamic Model

41. Drag polar
cl-cd , drag polar
1.4
wing only
airplane
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
cl
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
cd

42. Cm-alfa
cm-alfa
0.06
wing only
airplane
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
cm
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
alfa

43. Manufacturing
Master Mold

44. Manufacturing Steps
• Laser cutting and structure assembly
• Balsa Surface fabrication
• Composite Surface fabrication
• Surface finish

45. Ribs Fabricating & arrangement
• Plywood, 27 ribs.

46. Balsa Surface fabrication
1.5 mm Balsa wood sheet covering •

47. Balsa Surface fabrication

48. Composite Surface fabrication
• First layer: fiber glass 200 gm/m2
• Other layers fiber glass 400 gm/m3
• Lower Surface
• Painting

49. Master Mold

50. Female Mold
• Foam Jigs
• Wood Lips

51. Female Mold
• Gaps are sealed with clay
• Surface is waxed at least two times

52. Female Mold
• Applying Epoxy Resin
• Start from root
• Brush in one direction

53. Female Mold
• Six layers
• Around 30 min between each layer
• Most reusable part

54. Manufacturing
Vacuum Bagging

55. Manufacturing Skin Using Vacuum
Bagging Technique
• What is vacuum Bagging ?!
a new technique used in composite manufacturing that used the
pressure as a clamping force to press the fiber laminates together with the
mold until the resin is cured.

56. Vacuum Bagging

57. Vacuum Bagging
Light weight Product •
vacuum bagging results in absorbing of excessive resin in the breather
material and can reduce Epoxy resin weight by 30% and total weight by
15%
Better uniformity of lay up (No thick / •
thin cross sections)
exact shaping •
vacuum Bagging lay up results in perfect shape that exactly like the
female mold shape due to clamping force between mold and laminate.
Strong bonding between layers •

58. Vacuum Bagging Layers

59. • Carbon fiber
• Release Fabric

60. • Perforated film
• Breather /bleeder

61. • Bag

62. Vacuum Bagging Equipment
1-Vacuum Pump
2-Gauge

63. 3-hose & Regulator

64. Vacuum Bagging
Easy lock

65. Vacuum Bagging
Tubing Clamps

66. Vacuum Bagging
Vacuum Port

67. Final Shape

68. Manufacturing procedures
1-Cutting carbon fiber cloth •

69. 2-Cutting vacuum bagging layers •

70. • 3. Preparation of bag and vacuum bagging equipment
• 4. Female mold preparation
• 5-Mixing Epoxy resin

71. • 6. Applying epoxy on the laminate

72. • 7. Applying vacuum bagging layers

73. 8. Mold Entrance in the bag & sealing the open side •
9. Opening vacuum pump •

75. • 10. Removing skin from the mold

76. • fuselage

78. Internal structure

80. Control surfaces
cutting control surfaces

81. Control Surfaces
Balsa Leading Edges

82. Control Surfaces
Covering

84. TO BE CONTINUED………….