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1. THE HISTORY OF
PSYCHOLOGY
From Aristotle to Austria to America

2. PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING AND
MYSTERIOUS UNIVERSE OF ALL IS THE ONE
WITHIN US.

3. PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED
sychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes.
professional practitioner or researchers is called a psychologist.
he term psychology literally means the study of the soul. It derives
from the Greek word psyche meaning “breath”, “spirit”, or “soul” and
logia, meaning the “study of.”

4. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
hilosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the
ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India.
reek philosophers like Thales, Socrates, and Aristotle dealt with
questions of nature versus nurture. They debated the nature
pleasure and pain, motivation, desire, free will, memory and our
perception of the world.
n the 8th
century, Islamic physicians in Fez, Morocco, used
practices that resembled psychotherapy to treat mental patients.
That was 1000 years before Sigmund Freud “established” the
practice.
Aristotle

5. PLATO 387 B.C.

6. PLATO – GREEK
PHILOSOPHER
Innate ideas – Suggests the brain
is the seat of mental processes.

7. EPISTEMOLOGY
hat is knowledge?
ow do we get knowledge?
hat justifies a belief and makes it knowledge?
hat is realism?
hat is idealism?

8. ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

9. ARISTOTLE 335 B.C.
FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY

10. ARISTOTLE – GREEK
PHILOSOPHER
Denied Innate ideas – Suggests
that the heart is the seat of mental
processes

11. MONISM VS. DUALISM
onism – A Greek idea that held that all things are linked and inseparable,
including the body and mind.
ualism – The body and the mind are separate. Rene Descartes, the
French philosopher, surmised that the body and the soul were separate
entities only somewhat dependent on each other.
hat is the nature of the soul? Descartes: “The sense perceptions and
physical passions of humans depends on the body, but awareness of them
is the job for the soul.”

12. 1600
onism- Brain and Nervous System
ualism (Descartes)-
Body(Physical) Mind(Spiritual)
Pineal Gland

14. FRANCIS BACON
ne of the founders of modern science
uman mind and its failings
heories centered on experiment, experience, and common sense
judgment

15. NATIVISTS VS. EMPIRICISTS
ativists – Innate Truth (nature) - Descartes
mpiricists – Blank Slate learned through sensory
experiences (nurture) – John Locke
ABULA RASA

16. MY HEAD IS BIGGER SO I’M A BETTER PERSON
THAN YOU…
he German physician Franz Joseph Gall introduced the theory of
Phrenology in 1808.
hrenology holds that traits and abilities reside in certain parts of the
brain, and
an be measured by bumps and indentations in the skull.

17. PHRENOLOGY

18. 1859 – CHARLES DARWIN
volutionary process of natural selection
sing animals in psychological research

19. 1879: BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY
ilhelm Wundt
niversity of Leipzig, Germany
stablished first Psychology Laboratory in 1879.
efined psychology as the study of consciousness. He
used scientific methods to study fundamental
psychological processes, such as mental reaction times
in response to visual or auditory stimuli.

20. TITCHENER AND STRUCTURALISM
dward B. Titchener
student of Wundt
tructuralism, the first major school of
thought in psychology, maintains that
complex conscious experiences can be
broken down into elemental structures or
parts of sensations and feelings.
ntrospection

21. 1880: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY
illiam James
unctionalism emphasized studying the
purpose behaviors and mental
experiences.
ffered the first course in Experimental
Psychology at Harvard University.

22. 1883: FIRST AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY
. Stanley Hall, a student of James,
became the first Ph.D. in psychology in the
United States in 1878.
ounded the first psychology research
laboratory in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore.
ounded the American Psychological
Association (APA).

23. ellesley College – Teacher of
experimental psychology
arvard University refused to award her
a Ph.D. in psychology
esearched dreams, memory and
personality
st
female president of APA
itchener’s first doctoral student at Cornell
University
emale to earn the first official Ph.D. in
psychology
ental processes in different animals
he Animal Mind
STUDENTS OF
WILLIAM JAMES
MARY WHITON CALKINS MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN

24. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
http://www.apa.org/

25. A TIMELINE OF
PSYCHOLOGY

26. 1889: SIGMUND FREUD
heory of Psychoanalysis
he Interpretation of Dreams.
reud believed glimpses of the
unconscious could be revealed in
dreams, memory blocks, slips of
the tongue and humor.

27. WATSON AND BEHAVIORISM
1913/1920
ehaviorism focused on overt, observable
behaviors that could be measured and
verified.
he goal of Behaviorism is to discover the
fundamental principles of learning – how
behavior is acquired and modified in
response to environmental influences.
atson & Rosalie Raynor – Little Albert

28. ussian physiologist
onditioned Responses
avlovian dogs
perant conditioning
einforcement & Punishment
ats and pigeons
kinner Box
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
Ivan Pavlov - 1905 B.F. Skinner - 1938

29. ERIK ERIKSON - 1950
tages of Psychosocial Development

30. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
arl Rogers - 1951
umanistic Psychology emphasizes each
person's unique potential for psychological
growth and self-direction.
elf-determination, free will and the
importance of choice are important in

31. ABRAHAM MASLOW - 1954
otivation & Personality
sychological Motives
• Physiological Needs
• Self-actualization
ierarchy of Needs

32. COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
ow does the mind process and retain information?
uman Vision
hantom Limbs
volution of Language
irror Neurons

33. WHICH SCHOOL
Psychology should study how behavior and mental
processes allows organisms to adapt to their
environment.
School/Approach?
Founder?

34. WHICH SCHOOL
Psychology should emphasize each person’s unique
potential for psychological growth and self-directedness.
School/Approach?
Founder?

35. WHICH SCHOOL
Psychology should focus on elements of conscious
experiences, using the method of introspection.
School/Approach?
Founder?

36. WHICH SCHOOL
Human Behavior is strong influenced by unconscious
sexual and aggressive conflicts.
School/Approach?
Founder?

37. WHICH SCHOOL
Psychology should scientifically investigate observable
behaviors that can be measured objectively and should
not study consciousness or mental processes.
School/Approach?
Founder?

38. LESSON #2
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY

39. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
http://www.apa.org/

40. ASIC
he quest for knowledge for
knowledge
aboratories/Natural Experiments
RESEARCH
PPLIED
esigned to solve specific,
practical problems
ses principles discovered
through basic research

41. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
o describe how people and other species behave
o understand the causes of these behaviors
o predict how people and animals will behave under certain
conditions
o influence behavior through the control of its causes

42. NATURE – NURTURE ISSUE
BIOLOGY VS. EXPERIENCE

43. APPROACHES
TO
PSYCHOLOGY

44. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
IOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Analyze behavior in terms of
brain functioning, hormones, genetics, and evolution
SYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Cognitive, psychodynamic,
and humanistic examination of human behavior
OCIAL-CULTURAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Behavioral and Socio-
cultural examination of stimuli in physical and social environment shape
human behavior

45. sychodynamic
ehavioral
umanistic
ognitive (Gestalt Psychology)
ocio-Cultural
PERSPECTIVES

46. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
he study of physical bases of human and animal behavior including the
nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.
elevant to the study of Psychology in 3 ways:
• Comparative method:
• Physiology
• Inheritance
iological Psychologists believe factors such as chromosomes, hormones

47. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
dvancements in technology, such as the PET scan and MRIs, have
allowed researchers to investigate the structure and activity of the brain.
• Neuroscientists-scientists who specialize in the study of the brain
and nervous system.
criticism of Biological Psychology: has a strong tendency to
reductionism.
• Reductionism: theories sometimes oversimplify systems that are
actually very complex.

48. NEUROBIOLOGICAL
iological processes influence behaviors
enetic factors influence behaviors
rain chemistry, nervous system, and hormones
ocalization of Function – Phineas Gage

50. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
Applying the principles of evolution to explain psychological
processes and phenomena
Charles Darwin
• Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, his
first book on evolution, in 1859.
• The Theory of Evolution -proposes the idea that individuals
fight for survival
• Species change over time and space.
• All organisms share common ancestors with other organisms.
• Evolutionary change is gradual and slow

51. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
harles Darwin (cont.)
• In The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin formed his theory of natural
selection by observing animals while traveling the world.
• Natural selection -The process whereby organisms better adapted
to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
(four main components)
1. Variation
2. Inheritance
3. High rate of population growth
4. Differential survival and reproduction

52. “TREE OF LIFE”
Evolutionary Psychologists
believe that all of the similarities
and dissimilarities among groups
of organisms are the result of the
branching process creating the
great “tree of life”.

53. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
mphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life
experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain behavior or in
treating people with psychological problems
igmund Freud
• Psychosexual development: psychological development in childhood
takes place in 6 psychosexual stages, and each stage represents the fixation of
libido (sexual drives or instincts)
• Unconscious mind: contains our eros and thanatos
• Psyche: the id, the ego and the super-ego
• Defense mechanisms: operate at an unconscious level to get rid of
unpleasant feelings or make good things feel better for the individual.

54. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
rik Erikson
• Psychosocial Development: describes the impact of social
experience across the whole lifespan
arl Jung
• Collective Unconscious: The part of the unconscious mind
that is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is
common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's
unconscious

55. CARL JUNG

56. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
sychologists using this approach believe..
• All behavior has a cause which is usually unconscious
• Example: slips of the tongue
• Personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego, and super-ego.
• Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives which come from
the id:
• Eros- the sex drive and life instinct
• Thanatos-the aggressive drive and death instinct
• The unconscious mind (the id and superego) are always in conflict
with the conscious part of the mind (the ego)

57. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
ethodology of a Psychodynamic Psychologist:
• Case Study: in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or
community.
• Freud’s Little Hans
• Dream Analysis: dream interpretation
• Free Association: mental process by which one word or image may
spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection
• Projective Tests: TAT, Rorschach
• Slips of the Tongue (Freudian slip): an error in speech, memory, or
physical action that is interpreted as occurring due to the interference of
some unconscious wish, conflict, or train of thought
• Hypnosis: An artificially induced altered state of consciousness

58. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
View people and animals as controlled by their environment , and that they
are a result of what they have learned from the environment.
Concerned with how stimuli affects response
• Stimuli-environmental factors
• Response-observable behaviors
Uses two main processes
1. Classical conditioning-learning by association
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment where dogs learned to associate food with the ring of a
bell, eventually leading to the dogs producing saliva just at the sound of the
bell.

59. IVAN PAVLOV

60. LITTLE ALBERT
Watson and Little Albert
Brave New World

61. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
ACTIVITY

62. BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY
2. Operant conditioning- learning from the consequences of behavior.
Studied by B.F. Skinner.
• Reinforcement- a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with
greater frequency. (can be positive of negative)
• Positive reinforcement: learning to do something in order to receive a
reward
• Negative reinforcement: a specific action stopping a negative consequence
• B.F. Skinner was first to conduct research in this area
• Punishment-a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less
frequency. (can be positive or negative)
• Extinction-the lack of any consequence following a behavior.

63. Operant Conditioning Activity

64. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
 Focuses on the mental processes in how people process and
remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.
 Deals with “mental” functions such as memory, perception, attention,
intelligence, etc.
 Memory is compromised of 3 stages
1. Encoding-information is received and attended to
2. Storage-where the information is retained
3. Retrieval-information is recalled

65. STROOP
EFFECT
Messing with your mind since 1935

66. Red Green Blue Yellow
Orange Purple Yellow Green
Blue Orange Red Yellow
Purple Green Blue Orange
Red Green Blue Yellow
Orange Purple Yellow Green
Blue Orange Red Yellow
Purple Green Blue Orange
Orange Purple Yellow Green

67. Red Green Blue Yellow
Orange Purple Yellow Green
Blue Orange Red Yellow
Purple Green Blue Orange
Red Green Blue Yellow
Orange Purple Yellow Green
Blue Orange Red Yellow

68. QUESTIONS?
o we read words faster than we name colors?
o you think children who haven’t learned to read yet would have
an easier time with this test? What about older people? What
about ESL or non-native English speakers?

69. CONCLUSIONS?
eading is automatic… a skill we learn and becomes more and
more ingrained in us as we get older.
olor naming is a control process, something we must use directed
attention to accomplish.
ther conclusions?

70. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
ocuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of
interpersonal relationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of
choice and self-direction in striving to reach self-actualization
umanistic theories
Carl Rogers
• Self actualization: our desire to achieve our highest potential as people
• each person operates from a unique frame of reference in terms of building their
self concept (one’s own beliefs about themselves)
• psychologically healthy people enjoy life to the fullest, hence, they are seen as fully
functioning people
• Fully functioning person= an individual who is continually moving toward self-
actualization. This type of person is open to life's experiences, has trust in himself, and
is able to express his feelings and act independently.

71. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
braham Maslow
• individuals
have certain
needs that
must be met
in an
hierarchical
fashion from
the lowest to
highest.

72. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
he humanistic Perspective says that the self is composed of
concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three
components:
-Self worth (or self-esteem)
-Self-image
-Ideal self

73. SOCIAL-CULTURAL
PERSPECTIVE
ocuses on how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior
ulture=characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes,
behaviors, customs and values
ajor Topics in Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Emotions
• Language acquisition
• Child development
• Personality
• Social behavior
• Family and social relationship
ocial-cultural psychologists usually take one of two approaches
• etic approach-emphasizes similarities of cultures
• emic approach-emphasizes differences between cultures

74. IS VIOLENCE HISTORY?
After reading the book review (Singer, 2011) of
The Better Angels of our Nature (Pinker, 2011),
discuss an eclectic model to evaluate Pinker’s
thesis that “our era is less violent, less cruel,
and more peaceful than any previous period of
human existence.”