سياسة محمد رضا بهلوي

1. 1
‫االداب‬ ‫كلية‬ / ‫الكوفة‬ ‫جامعة‬
)‫الرابعة‬ ‫(المرحلة‬ ‫التاريخ‬ ‫قسم‬
‫وتركيا‬ ‫ايران‬ ‫تاريخ‬ : ‫المادة‬
‫العالق‬ ‫احمد‬ .‫أ.م.د‬ : ‫المادة‬ ‫استاذ‬
‫االنفتاح‬ ‫عهد‬ ‫في‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫التطورات‬‫السياسي‬1491-1491
‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫عت‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫عه‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ي‬1491‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫أع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حاو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حا‬-‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشريتن‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬1491‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬
‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ايا‬ ‫حانه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫نهص‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫تيهع‬‫دتهتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫حادل‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫أج‬ ‫إذ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫حاوي‬
‫شا‬ ‫اصهاح‬ ‫حانض‬ ‫عا‬ ‫حاتالن‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ )‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫وش‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىتش‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬
‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫أي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬1491‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىسا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫حاد‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ب‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫دد‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حادن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ا‬
‫ذح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫تشض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حعن‬‫ض‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫حره‬‫ض‬‫عت‬‫ه‬ )‫ن‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬
‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لك‬ ‫حا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىهعه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬
‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫قش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫و‬‫الش‬ ‫حا‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬‫ىض‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫شال‬ ‫رها‬‫حأ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫د‬‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫و‬‫جن‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىهض‬ ‫ني‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬
‫حإ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حااش‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬
‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاه‬ ‫نهنق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حنتاهض‬‫ش‬‫ال‬ ‫د‬‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ل‬‫حاه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫انبش‬ ‫نتيجل‬
‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫نش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حونها‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫هدق‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫تيه‬ ‫هض‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫بي‬ ‫تدب‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىيتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىنهل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىضشب‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تثو‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫دهر‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫شا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫دت‬
‫ىتشض‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫شتج‬‫إ‬‫ىنه‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ر‬‫نضش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫رضش‬‫أ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ىديلل‬‫ى‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ع‬‫أ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬

2. 2
‫إ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫نا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىني‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ه‬ ‫ضؤ‬ ‫نهع‬ ‫دها‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ح‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ييا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يه‬
‫دها‬‫ا‬ ‫ةد‬ ‫دتش‬ ‫د‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىذ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫حأ‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫شده‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىدلا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬
‫حاذيا‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫ثل‬ ‫احاث‬ ‫شعل‬ ‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عنيع‬ ‫ج‬‫رض‬‫ىا‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ىعث‬ ) ‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬
‫ىته‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىدن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬ ‫حابه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫ك‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫تنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىده‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شت‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫هنه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫كثض‬‫إ‬‫حاد‬ ‫عب‬ ‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫حرشو‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ؤت‬ ‫شو‬1491‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬)‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاضجن‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حااه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاناهو‬‫أ‬‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫صد‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬ ‫احابه‬ ‫وضد‬ ‫دض‬ ‫يه‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫شه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ )‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬
‫عهع‬1491
‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شه‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫اتا‬‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نههن‬1491‫ر‬‫س‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫احإ‬ ‫ىند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىلي‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شتدب‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حااهضج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاد‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حان‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ض‬‫ح‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫دض‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ه‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫احايشعي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫احاض‬
‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫احاجو‬ ‫ىند‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫دجو‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫هيضا‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاتكت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىلي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ا‬
‫حإ‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫عت‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫دت‬ ‫ىييا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬1494‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حأ‬
‫حاذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬‫ىه‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫أ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫نيهج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫عل‬
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حيا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫بث‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ي‬1784‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ث‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫قهجه‬
‫ة‬ ‫نه‬ ‫شعهضض‬ )‫ههه‬1414‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫حعتب‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عض‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫تنصي‬ ‫شدذاك‬
‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ج‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حرا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وت‬ ‫ر‬1491‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حنت‬
‫ىل‬‫د‬‫دض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ق‬ )‫ى‬‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حأ‬‫ش‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شاحا‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫شاحااه‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حهأ‬‫ض‬‫احا‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬
‫ا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫الش‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شعيا‬ ‫حاناط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تس‬1491-1491

3. 3
‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشث‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ا‬‫ىدهرل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫شد‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانضر‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬‫إذ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫حاجوي‬‫به‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ل‬‫ه‬ ‫نه‬‫تكت‬ ‫دهنا‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬‫أ‬‫حهه‬ ‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫شنبههها‬‫ح‬‫حا‬ ‫تده‬
‫صني‬ ‫شعل‬‫آ‬‫ىه‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫حااهض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫تولشضا‬ ‫اض‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىناا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫حا‬ ‫هدبشقيه‬ ‫نهاهل‬ ‫هها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫أا‬ ‫رو‬‫ىتها‬ ‫شدض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىاث‬ ‫د‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ضشعل‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫تها‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫شع‬‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ع‬ ‫قها‬
‫إ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ىن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حادضدل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نتن‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىشضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫احا‬ ‫ىهاد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫درض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهنني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫آ‬1499‫إذ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫شو‬
‫حأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫حالن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شنهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهق‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫شو‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫إ‬‫الد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حالجنل‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫رإ‬‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شض‬ ‫و‬ ‫جناض‬ ‫نتا‬)‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫دها‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ىش‬‫ا‬ ‫ىيشال‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حاتنه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاباها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫حاب‬ ‫دها‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ريتن‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ت‬ ‫ذ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫ىشريتني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫تدض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫حاتش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫جوض‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تشج‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ا‬
‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫دهص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هع‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىشننن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ذ‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ه‬ ‫جت‬
‫حأ‬‫ع‬ ‫حاثهنن‬ ‫رن‬ ‫شو‬‫حرشو‬ ‫ا‬‫دهنش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬1499‫ذحا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أعلا‬‫ش‬
‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬‫ر‬‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ةي‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اع‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫نه‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىنون‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ييا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دته‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شتدش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫بهن‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشاض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫حاصدهرل‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬
‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫غع‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫س‬‫شض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شا‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫بهننهت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫الاهضج‬‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ك‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫غو‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عا‬ ‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫رص‬ ‫رن‬
‫و‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬‫إ‬‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬‫ح‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫شش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هع‬ ‫جت‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ا‬ ‫وتش‬‫ش‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ح‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬

4. 4
‫حإ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىدها‬‫ى‬ ‫ىضب‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫س‬‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تو‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ثا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حنييا‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ه‬ ‫عه‬
‫ه‬‫حاددش‬ ‫نا‬ ‫بهو‬ ‫ها‬‫لننل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫وض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬‫دهشال‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫د‬ ‫يجه‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىدلل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىشريا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ولش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫اهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهالجشا‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫تش‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ب‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ق‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬
‫آ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىضدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫به‬–‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫هو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىتضك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬‫أ‬‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهشض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫الت‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫تش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ش‬ ‫شض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ددش‬‫أ‬‫أ‬ ‫وتشق‬ ‫اهشاها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫نتيا‬‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ا‬‫حاثه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬
1491‫شنص‬‫بيجهنييا‬‫ض‬‫حأذ‬ ‫نها‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دويض‬ ‫جهن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تلو‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ا‬
‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫بيجهنيا‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫حاتاهشض‬ ‫دا‬ ‫اع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ىشى‬ ‫ع‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬ ‫ىلش‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ت‬‫تهن‬
‫إ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حإي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫اجن‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىتنه‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىتغلا‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ج‬‫رهد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫انن‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ي‬‫اتنا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬ ‫شدا‬‫إ‬ ‫ا‬‫نجهديه‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫علنا‬‫حإ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانضر‬ ‫ددهع‬‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حهأ‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫قل‬
‫حاثه‬‫نن‬1491‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حتيه‬‫ش‬‫ق‬ ‫الا‬ ‫ش‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ت‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاب‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ث‬
‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حانه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫شو‬1491‫ىبه‬‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬
‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حأذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫د‬‫لا‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهنيا‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫حنيش‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬‫حررب‬
‫شري‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نيع‬‫ىيا‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشض‬ ‫و‬ ‫جناض‬ ‫نيع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫أ‬‫بيجهنييا‬‫ض‬‫أذ‬ ‫حننيا‬‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حاد‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫عاها‬‫آ‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ا‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫به‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ييع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتن‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ثب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬1491‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫اه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اه‬ ‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اج‬ ‫د‬ ‫دشض‬‫إ‬‫ي‬ ‫ىض‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫د‬‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىتهنن‬ ‫حاكض‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫حة‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىدلا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬
‫ت‬‫س‬‫ه‬ ‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫رن‬‫آ‬1499
‫حأ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫عب‬‫ال‬ ‫شو‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شو‬1499‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫حالن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬

5. 5
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ا‬‫قه‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ك‬‫ات‬ ‫ىتهاد‬‫ى‬ ‫ددض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىد‬‫ص‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫الد‬‫ىذحتن‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تنهغ‬ ‫دضدل‬ ‫شرن‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ا‬‫قه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫حاثهنن‬ ‫ا‬‫دهنش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫حاثهنن‬ ‫رن‬1491‫ت‬‫س‬‫ي‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬‫ىع‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ههه‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىهن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ىشريتن‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫قه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىدلا‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫شو‬
‫عهع‬ ‫هه‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬1491
‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ ‫ىذحتند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫دج‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫شههاد‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىشة‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شق‬‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬‫حإ‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ىل‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىضضا‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ك‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫د‬‫قت‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاشا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شو‬
1491‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫تيه‬ ‫قه‬ ‫عتبهو‬‫ح‬‫ع‬‫هنل‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وتي‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يع‬ ‫ح‬
‫أ‬‫ر‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حااهض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫هدبشقيه‬ ‫نهاوا‬ ‫حاتن‬‫ح‬‫شدض‬ ‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫ذ‬‫ه‬ ‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫حو‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ىهدا‬‫ص‬‫أ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫تدض‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىهاع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حريه‬ ‫ى‬
‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫الد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ب‬‫ىهادبش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ها‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ضشؤ‬‫ع‬ ‫قل‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىلنها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬1491)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬
‫إ‬)‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابهه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ضؤش‬ ‫ىهذو‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىلا‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬
‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬1499‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫او‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬
‫ى‬ ‫ههاا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫اكن‬ ‫ديع‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫تغي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫دهشاا‬ ‫أا‬ ‫هن‬ ‫نضبي‬‫ىع‬‫ث‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاايل‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
)‫انت‬ ‫نا‬ ‫شتا‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رييه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاباها‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫د‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دت‬
‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهنق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهقن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىلا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ان‬ ‫ا‬‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ش‬ ‫ىو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬
‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫شرضاا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نيا‬‫ح‬ ‫ددهع‬‫ل‬ ‫انضر‬

6. 6
‫ث‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ضد‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نشع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتبه‬
‫ىد‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىدض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ثب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬1491
‫أ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ةد‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫إر‬‫إ‬‫أ‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاتند‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬)‫ىهن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تنه‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬
‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫تن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تتهن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىنيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قل‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫علييه‬ ‫حاباها‬ ‫تع‬ )‫ن‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ج‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهاتدضك‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتضد‬ ‫ا‬‫يش‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬
‫هن‬‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫حي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫شاح‬ ‫شاهعيع‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ىشو‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫يش‬ ‫ىبه‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ات‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫عا‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫يلت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىنيع‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىهقيع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫إر‬ ‫اه‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىضك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫رت‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫ر‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ىتيه‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تغي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىنضا‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫ته‬‫إ‬‫ت‬ ‫ب‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىلش‬‫ى‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اك‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىه‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ىبه‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬ ‫اع‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىنض‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫يع‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫عهع‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫رن‬1491‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫نيه‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاذ‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫هن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ىنيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬1491‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ث‬ ‫حات‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهون‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ىشض‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫قل‬‫ح‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬
‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شهاي‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شت‬ ‫ىهنبيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حأ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬
‫اصهاح‬ ) ‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫شق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬‫أ‬‫حانضريا‬ ‫د‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫را‬‫ىهش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىلنت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫اتن‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اتدب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫حاش‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬
)‫لنت‬ ‫تدا‬ ‫ا‬‫دش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫اونها‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫ا‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ق‬
‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىتغ‬‫ى‬‫ىهه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬1494
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫اجه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫اه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫أث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫الب‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىدهو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫عل‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬
‫ش‬ ‫ةد‬ ‫دتش‬ ‫د‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاداض‬ ‫رضض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانضر‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫دو‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫عتب‬‫أ‬) ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ىذح‬‫د‬ ‫ش‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حااض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ثه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬
‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ )‫ىلنت‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫شاتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ند‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ها‬ ‫أع‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫رتت‬
‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫هإ‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىشاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫شت‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬

7. 7
‫ىايع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىتنه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ) ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عه‬
‫أ‬‫عن‬ ‫صدهويه‬‫إ‬‫عهع‬ ‫حاددع‬ ) ‫ت‬1491‫د‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫دش‬ ‫شبذاك‬‫أ‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عه‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬
‫حإ‬‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫تو‬‫ب‬‫د‬ ‫هجهض‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫دتهتش‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬) ‫و‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫حإ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىهدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشريا‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫ىه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تنايذ‬ ‫ينش‬‫أ‬‫ىش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬1498‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ن‬‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاده‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حإي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىذد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حأش‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫إذ‬
1498)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫أي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬‫ش‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫نل‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬‫حإ‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شع‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬–‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬‫شو‬1498‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫يق‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حات‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫ضراه‬‫ه‬ ‫ته‬
‫ىني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫آ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫حقل‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ت‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانان‬1497‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىضدل‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫اهش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬
‫حأ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ند‬–‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاضا‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىس‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬–‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫دل‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ن‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1494‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫عض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬‫أ‬‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫شات‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫دش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دها‬
‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حاجويل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ص‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شدها‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ردل‬‫ىدي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حالج‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حجي‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫اإل‬ ‫وضرايه‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىد‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬‫ىه‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ث‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫نهاو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬‫س‬‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىس‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫صلدل‬‫انه‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىبط‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شاع‬‫وضصه‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ل‬‫قهت‬ ‫ىها‬‫ص‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1491‫أ‬‫ها‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىوند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ني‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دال‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫نلب‬
‫عد‬ ‫ح‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫إ‬‫ثا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىشان‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫نت‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1491‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ال‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حالج‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫س‬‫ع‬

8. 8
‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫علييه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫شصه‬ ‫حاناط‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ي‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ب‬‫حر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫يض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رت‬ ‫يش‬ ‫حا‬
‫أ‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫قلق‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىتبهات‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬1491‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تكل‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬
‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬
)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تنا‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ونبن‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫س‬‫ع‬
‫ش‬ ‫حاناط‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬‫قهنش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬‫را‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ل‬ ‫شنن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ق‬ ‫تاهذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫اض‬
‫أ‬‫ت‬ ‫واصش‬ ‫ه‬‫س‬‫رب‬ ‫حاناط‬ ‫ع‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ا‬‫تنه‬‫أ‬
‫ض‬‫انه‬‫ض‬ ‫رنليه‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تهنا‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫رن‬ ‫صهاديه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫دهرهل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫إذ‬
‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫اغشنه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هض‬‫ح‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬ ‫شع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قتصه‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نل‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫شا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫دد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫آ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬1491
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حان‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ر‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫نن‬1491‫ه‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫علييه‬ ‫نضشال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ههانهض‬ ‫اتصل‬
‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ )‫ىتبهات‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ه‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حااه‬1491‫حأ‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫عل‬‫تع‬ ‫حاتهان‬ ‫حايشع‬ ‫شرن‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫تش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬)‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تكل‬
‫ح‬ ‫ج‬‫ع‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫دي‬ ‫وت‬‫ىأ‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬ ‫ىا‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫نل‬ ‫ثع‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫الش‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬ ‫جهن‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حاد‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫نه‬
‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نل‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىتبهات‬‫ى‬1491
‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫رد‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫نها‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذعا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حاد‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ )‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬
‫را‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫وض‬ )‫دتاهه‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫وج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬‫حإ‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىلح‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫حإ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ات‬‫س‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تاا‬ ‫ى‬‫جض‬
‫شقل‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫اك‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫ىد‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حان‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لدل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫حاب‬ ‫ع‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫حأ‬‫ش‬‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫تش‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ن‬ )‫دهت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىلدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حانه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ر‬ ‫ىعد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬

9. 9
)‫هت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬
‫شق‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ج‬‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىضب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىضك‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫بل‬ ‫ىب‬
‫لكه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫حان‬‫ض‬‫حأ‬ ‫اأ‬ ‫تش‬ ‫أشق‬‫ش‬‫ه‬ ‫ال‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىتال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫آ‬1491‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫حا‬‫س‬‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫علا‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ج‬‫ىهض‬‫ا‬)‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ي‬ )‫ى‬ ‫شعل‬
‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هثي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ضش‬ ‫تهه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫راض‬‫ىا‬ ‫شبانل‬ ‫اكا‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫اشده‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىتاهه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬C.I.A.‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫را‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عيا‬ ‫يي‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬‫ىأ‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬‫آ‬1491‫شرن‬‫أ‬‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حاجويل‬ ‫ا‬‫شدل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫جا‬ )‫عبهه‬‫ىه‬‫ع‬ ‫دذح‬ ‫ش‬
‫حأ‬ ‫عل‬ )‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫اضض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫رن‬ ‫شاهو‬

10. 11
‫الثا‬ ‫المبحث‬‫في‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫مالمح‬ :‫ني‬‫حقبة‬‫الدديكتاتور‬ ‫القمع‬
3591–3593.
‫نذ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ك‬ ‫إني‬‫إ‬‫را‬‫ىهش‬‫د‬ ‫رن‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ) ‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىها‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬
‫حإ‬‫ىدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىهاع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫شو‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إ‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ولش‬‫شو‬
1491‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ىا‬ ‫حااه‬ ‫شرن‬‫آ‬1499‫ىأ‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫تش‬‫إت‬‫ىأ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫اهق‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانان‬ ‫ىضدها‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ج‬‫تيشعي‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫احاكشن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫جنو‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ن‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شد‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حانا‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫وتش‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫يتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاتنش‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ا‬9‫ي‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ح‬ ‫حربل‬‫ش‬‫حإ‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىيش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬ ‫ه‬ ‫دايا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫حأ‬‫شو‬1499‫ا‬9‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬1499
‫آذحض‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىهت‬‫ى‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىتح‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ش‬1499‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شع‬
‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ح‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ثع‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حاييه‬‫ش‬ ‫شصشو‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫حانهع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫اهنن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬‫ضش‬ ‫ي‬179–179
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫ش‬ ‫حاكشن‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ض‬ ‫اث‬ ‫دي‬ ‫يت‬ ‫يشع‬‫ىل‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىضدل‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ههر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫شب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫دها‬
–‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حش‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬‫ض‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شان‬117‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ؤ‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫؛‬
‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اها‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ه‬ ‫تث‬ ‫حر‬148111
‫ا‬1‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫عا‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬114-111
‫ا‬9) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬118
‫ا‬9‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شت‬ ‫شاض‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حرنتاههها‬ ‫تا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ثهض‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ا‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬‫هنه‬ ‫و‬ ‫هنني‬ ‫حاكه‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫هن‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫شتنشض‬ ‫جل‬ ‫دذح‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ق‬‫ض‬
‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ويا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫جيها‬‫أ‬‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫شجض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫قت‬ ‫ىبش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاضا‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬117–111

11. 11
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫س‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫الي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حااض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىضشب‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىذاك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ههإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهاي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤا‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫هو‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬1499‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫دتاه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫تشض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫تجهش‬ ‫رب‬ ‫شبيذح‬‫ا‬8‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ه‬‫حآ‬ ‫ىلش‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ا‬
‫وت‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شذ‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ىاها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حالن‬ ‫ج‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫حب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬‫احاشنن‬ ‫د‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫عد‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬1498‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫إ‬‫عتههض‬‫إا‬‫حأ‬‫حو‬‫ش‬ ‫شو‬‫حآ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫الددش‬‫ىها‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ىيتها‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ب‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىهضض‬‫ن‬ ‫ىض‬‫ا‬
‫حقههو‬ ‫نشجيض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬7‫ي‬
‫علع‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ا‬4‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىتن‬‫ى‬ ‫دتهتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ؤ‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫اد‬ ‫يه‬ ‫قه‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫شاب‬ ) ‫عض‬ ‫ل‬‫أ‬‫اه‬
‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاضد‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهدا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫رو‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عت‬
‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ول‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫وونه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ييه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫إ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫حاج‬ ‫ا‬‫ؤش‬ ‫عل‬ ) ‫ونا‬ ‫ضب‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫را‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حانابها‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ل‬‫ثب‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫حان‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حاهها‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫شذ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذش‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬119‫ىل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬111-111
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهوث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حق‬ ‫ىشجيض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬1414‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حانه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬
‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهح‬‫ص‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تب‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ن‬‫ض‬‫ر‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حان‬1498‫ىأث‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫غلن‬ ‫حوش‬ ‫شصان‬11-18
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىعث‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬1414‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حك‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حقنهع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫حاو‬ ‫ىاشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حك‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫أ‬1411-1419
)‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬74–41‫ىلث‬‫ى‬ ‫تضج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ري‬ ‫؛‬
‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫حابه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫التضج‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ضد‬147711
‫ا‬9‫صض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حرجت‬ ‫حرهنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬147999
‫ا‬9‫حاهدشأ‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ةد‬‫ض‬‫نهص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫دحي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫نلش‬ ‫حا‬119
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬91

12. 12
‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫رض‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شا‬1499‫ش‬1411‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاضد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عت‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىهرهكي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىضب‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ها‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىشضد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ن‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىلي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ت‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬1498‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حاوي‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاان‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىيع‬‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫احا‬ ‫يلند‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دحر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىتاهه‬‫ى‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ات‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬18‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫شو‬‫إ‬‫ىهط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ىنح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاج‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حاش‬‫ا‬17‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫عها‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ات‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حايي‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ه‬
‫ا‬1‫ويضشا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حاوتضشو‬‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫صهغ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ي‬148791
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬191
‫ا‬1‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ي‬147411‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫؛‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حن‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ض‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ض‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ح‬1171‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
91–91
‫ا‬9‫قد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ث‬‫شش‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫دح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫اها‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫حااه‬ )‫حاشج‬ ‫هرهك‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫هض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دضدل‬ ‫عع‬ ‫اجنل‬ ‫ي‬‫ىها‬‫ن‬‫او‬
‫ا‬14
‫ا‬9‫ى‬ ‫ههان‬ ‫ىهط‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هض‬ ‫احاوات‬ ‫قويلل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هضث‬ ‫وات‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬
‫ىض‬‫و‬ ‫ىع‬‫ث‬ ‫ىه‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫أش‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهض‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ىشذ‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫ىو‬ ‫شه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هض‬ ‫ىان‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اه‬‫ض‬‫اث‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شجل‬ ‫أ‬
‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫حغت‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬19–18‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫رن‬ ‫ىذيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫؛‬‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬
‫ا‬‫ض‬‫هه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاغض‬1477114-111
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫رن‬ ‫ىذيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ي‬114‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬191-199