2. By the end of this lecture,
hopefully…
1.what is fracture
2. Forces that causes fracture
3. Types of fracture – especially
open fracture
4. FRACTURE HEALING
4. CAUSES
1. Traumatic fracture
• Direct force – bone breaks at point of impact
• Indirect force – bone breaks at a distance from
where force is applied
2. Pathological fracture
• Normal stress in weakened bone
3. Stress fracture
• Repetitive stress in normal bone
9. DEFINITION
Fracture with break in skin and underlying
soft tissues with communication between
external environment and fractured bone and
its hematoma
10.
11. GUSTILO CLASSIFICATION
• 4 main components:
Size of wound
Degree of soft tissue injury
Degree of contamination
Degree of comminution
• Established at time of operative debriment
(intra op classification)
12. TYPE I
• The wound is less than one centimeter
long.
• It is usually a clean puncture, through
which a spike of bone has pierced the skin.
• There is little soft-tissue damage and no
sign of crushing injury.
• The fracture is usually simple, transverse,
or short oblique, with little comminution.
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
13.
14. TYPE II
• The laceration is more than one centimeter
long (1cm<x<10cm)
• There is no extensive soft-tissue damage,
flap, or avulsion.
• There is a slight or moderate crushing
injury, moderate comminution of the
fracture, and moderate contamination.
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
15.
16. TYPE III
• Extensive damage to soft tissue, including
muscles, skin, and neurovascular
structures.
• A high degree of contamination. The
fracture is often caused by high-velocity
trauma
• Fracture with high degree of comminution
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
17. TYPE III A
• Soft-tissue coverage of the fractured bone
is adequate, despite extensive laceration,
flaps, or high-energy trauma.
• This subtype includes segmental or
severely comminuted fractures from high-
energy trauma, regardless of the size of
the wound.
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
18. TYPE III B
• Periosteal stripping and exposure of bone,
massive contamination, and severe
comminution of the fracture from high-
velocity trauma.
• After debridement and irrigation is
completed, a segment of bone is exposed
and a local or free flap is needed for
coverage.
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
19. TYPE III C
• Associated with an neurovascular injury
that must be repaired, regardless of the
degree of soft-tissue injury.
The management of open fractures RB Gustilo, RL Merkow and D Templeman J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:299-
304
20. ALL OPEN FRACTURES, NO
MATTER HOW TRIVIAL THEY
MAY SEEM, MUST BE ASSUMED
TO BE CONTAMINATED
21. SEPSIS
RATE
SEPSIS
RATE
TYPE I 0%
TYPE II 2.5%
TYPE III 13.7% TYPE IIIA 5%
TYPE IIIB 28%
TYPE IIIC 8%
Classification of type III (severe) open fractures relative to treatment and results. Gustilo RB; Gruninger RP;
Davis T Orthopedics. 1987; 10(12):1781-8 (ISSN: 0147-7447)
22. FRACTURE HEALING
1. Primary bone healing
• Rigid fixation
• No callus
• aka contact/gap healing
2. Secondary bone healing
• Non rigid fixation
• Callus formation
• aka endochondral ossification
25. PRIMARY BONE HEALING
1. Immobilized fragments (no callus stimulus)
2. Gap healing – osteoblastic activity across
fracture to achieve contact healing
3. Cutting cones – remodeling action by osteoclasts
4. Relies on fixation for strength (no callus) and
may lead to osteoporotic changes of bone
32. REDUCE
• As soon as possible
• Alignment more important than apposition
• Articular surface requires anatomical
reduction
• Closed manipulative reduction
• Open reduction
45. RETAIN (why splint?)
1. Alleviate pain
2. Ensure that union takes place in good
position
3. Permit early movement of the limb and a
return of function
49. UNION vs. CONSOLIDATION ?
• UNION
– Incomplete repair
• calcified callus
• # site a little tender, attempted angulation
painful
• Xray – visible # line
50. • CONSOLIDATION
– Completed repair
• ossification of calcified callus
• # site not tender, no movement, attempted
angulation painless
• # line obliterated & crossed by bone
trabeculae
51. PERKIN’S RULES
For spiral fractures in upper limb
• Union in 3/52
• Consolidation x2
• Lower limb x2 again
• Tranverse # x2 again
Why?
53. NON UNION
Fracture that will not heal without further
intervention
•Mechanical
• Inadequate fracture stabilization
• Uncontrolled repetitive stress
• Distraction & separation of fragments
•Biological
• Insufficient blood supply
• Infection
54. NON UNION
1. Septic (Infected)
2. Aseptic
• Hypertrophic – good blood supply but excessive
motion
• Atrophic – good fixation but poor blood supply
59. • Occur in normal bone of healthy patient
due to repetitive stress below yield strength
• During repetitive strenuous physical activity
causing imbalance in Wolf's Law
• Tibial shaft, calcaneum, MT, NOF
• Pain after – during – without exercise
61. • Occur from trivial injuries through area of
weakened bone with a preexisting
abnormality
• Osteoporosis
• Paget’s disease
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Bone cysts
• Malignant tumors – primary & metastasis
65. PREVENTION OF INFECTION
1. Antibiotics
• What?
• When?
• How?
2. Wound debridement
• The solution to pollution is dilution
• Removal of nonviable tissue – ‘4C’
• Color
• Consistency
• Contractility
• Capability to bleed
**Bone and fascia
66. STABILIZATION OF FRACTURE
• The importance of skeletal stability
• Promotes soft tissue healing
• Reduces rate of infection
• Wound care
• Options
• External fixation
• Internal fixation
67. WOUND CLOSURE
• 5-7 days is reasonable
• Options
• Primary delayed closure
• Skin grafting
• flaps
Hinweis der Redaktion
It is a spectrum from:
Crack complete
Closed open
Simple comminuted
Bone is relatively brittle but it still has sufficient strength to withstand considerable stress
Fractures can result from :
HEMATOMA
-torn vessel hematoma formation
-bone end deprived of blood dies back few mm
INFLAMMATION
-within 8 hours
-proliferation of cells around fracture ends which bridge the fracture site
-clotted hematoma is absorbed new capillaries grow
CALLUS FORMATION
-cells are chondrogenic / osteogenic will start forming bone
-form woven bone (immature bone) become calcified
CONSOLIDATION
-woven bone transformed into lamellar bone
-slow process = several month
REMODELLING
-period of years
-reshaping of bone by alternating bone resorption and formation in response to stress
Gap invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells
Less than 200 microM, osteogen produces lamellar bone straight away
Bigger gap has woven bone laid down, which then remodels
ASAP = before soft tissue swelling that make reduction difficult
Not all fracture require reduction
-minimally displaced
-when displacement does not matter (clavicle)
-when reduction is unlikely to succeed (vertebra)