Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes Describe the roles of carbon .pdf

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Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes - Describe the roles of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in microbial growth and reproduction. - Compare four basic categories of organisms based on their carbon and energy sources. - Distinguish among anaerobes, aerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles. - Define nitrogen fixation, and explain its importance. - Explain how extremes of temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure limit microbial growth. - Describe biofilm formation. - Describe methods for collecting clinical specimens from the skin, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, stomach, urine, lungs, and diseased tissue. - Describe the two most common methods by which microorganisms can be isolated for culture. - Differentiate between the six types of general culture media available for bacterial culture and explain their purpose in a lab setting. - Contrast refrigeration, deep-freezing, and lyophilization as methods for preserving cultures of microbes. - Describe binary fission as a means ofExplain what is meant by the generation time of bacteria and be able to calculate it. Describe logarithmic growth Be able to draw and label a bacterial growth curve and describe what happens to the population at each phase. - Contrast direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial reproduction. Be able to calculate microbial population estimates via direct microscopic count, serial dilutions and CFUs, and MPN..

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As you have learned in Modules 1 and 2, prokaryotes share many common features that differentiate them from eukaryotes, such as: Lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size. As introduced on the Home page of Module 3, various species differ and can be classified into taxonomic groups based on several characteristics. One characteristic commonly used to differentiate an organism as belonging to one species or another is the potential for the individuals to reproduce sexually and produce viable offspring. However, this characteristic cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and so their identification and classification is often determined based on: Phylogeny : All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatedness Metabolism : Different bacteria may have different metabolic abilities Environment : Different bacteria thrive in different environments, such as high/low temperature and salt Morphology : There are many structural differences between bacteria, such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer composition Pathogenicity : Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animals All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles: 1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide 2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds 3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from light In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. ie: Nitrifying bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. For example: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. Cyanobacteria split water, H 2 O, molecules and use the electrons to reduce carbon in photosynthesis. Water is the electron donor. However, Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae are also photosynthetic autotrophs, but they use hydrogen sulfide H 2 S as the electron donor, or reducing equivalent donor . chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions by breaking apart.

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Circuit diagram: Please build the following circuit and test it using the sample code. You will need to click on components ALL to see the IR sensor and remote.Level 2: Add a second LED(red) and have the following 5 functionalities using 5 different buttons on the remote. NOTE: You may use any buttons you choose. Button 1= turn on blue LED Button 2= turn on red LED Button 3= turn off blue LED Button 4= turn off red LED Button 5= flash both LEDs 3 times Level 3: Create a system to control the brightness on the RGB led. Use two buttons to control the brightness, one turn brightness up, one turns it down(you can choose the amount of brightness 1 button press equals). Then have a third button that will change the colour. You can choose to keep the previous colour on OR only keep the active colour on. If the LED is at the lowest or highest brightness the value should not change. Level 4: Make anything. Create unique code with a specified functionality. The only requirements are that you need to use the IR remote and you must have at least 50 lines of code with at least 1 method. When completing the video demo please demonstrate all functionalities..

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Cisco'nun Tedarik Zinciri Cisco'nun tedarik zinciri, d kaynak kullanm ve kreselleme yaygnlna doru gelimektedir. Yirmi yl nce, elektronik endstrisindeki orijinal ekipman reticileri, ounlukla kendi retimlerini gerekletirerek daha dikey olarak entegre olmulard. Ancak gnmzde Cisco, retim ihtiyalarnn neredeyse tamam iin szlemeli reticilere gvenmektedir ve 12.000 rnnn %95'inden fazlasna ulamaktadr. Cisco, baskl devre kart montaj, devre ii test, rn onarm ve rn montaj ile ilgili hizmetleri salamak iin eitli bamsz nc taraf irketler kullanr.7 7 Cisco Systems Inc.: Yeni rn Tantmnda birlii, Maria Shao ve Hau Lee. Vaka GS-66 Stanford letme Enstits, Haziran 2009. Szlemeli reticilerle yaplan dzenlemeler, kalite, maliyet ve teslimat gerekliliklerinin yan sra kapasite, maliyet ynetimi, retim gzetimi ve fikri mlkiyetlerinin kullanm koullarn garanti etmek iin dikkatli bir ekilde hazrlanmtr. . Cisco, herhangi bir retim hizmeti salaycs ile nemli uzun vadeli szlemeler imzalamamtr. irket genellikle, esas olarak yllk szlemelerde resmiletirilmi olan dzenlemeleri gerektii gibi yenileme seeneine sahiptir. Bu dzenlemeler genellikle Cisco'nun, varsaylan olarak bir yldan az olarak tanmlanan farkl zaman dilimlerini kapsayan sipariler veya tahminler tarafndan kapsanan belirli miktarlarn tesinde herhangi bir belirli miktar satn alma taahhdnde bulunmaz. Ek olarak, Cisco'nun genilemek iin satn almalar ve ortaklklar kullanma stratejisinin zorluklarn iselletirme zaman geldiinde, Cisco'nun d kaynakl modeli daha sofistike hale geldi. Bu irketlerin ounun, rnleri Cisco'nun mevcut datm kanallar araclyla teslim edilmesi gereken dnya apnda kendi tedarik ve retim tesisleri vard. Bununla birlikte, hangi irketlerin entegre edileceine karar vermek iin ana ak satn alma kriterleri, yalnzca ksa vadeli ve uzun vadeli kazanmlarn yan sra Cisco ile benzer pazar anlayn veya benzer kltr paylamay deil, ayn zamanda benzer bir risk alma tarzna sahip olmay da ieriyordu. .8 8 Cisco Systems, Inc. 2011 Faaliyet Raporu; Cisco Systems Inc.: retim in Satn Alma Entegrasyonu, Nicole Tempest, Charles A. Holloway ve Steven C. Wheelwright. Case OIT-26 Stanford letme Enstits, ubat 2004. Bu retim modeli, Cisco'da retim ve lojistikten sorumlu Cisco bakan yardmcs Carl Redfield tarafndan u terimlerle aklanmtr: "Cisco, tedarik zincirini yneterek ve rn tasarm ve gelitirmesi. Tedarik Zinciri Riskleri Gnmzn elektronik tedarik zincirleri, siyasi karklklar, yasal uyumluluk zorunluluklar, artan ekonomik belirsizlik, teknolojideki hzl deiimler, zorlu mteri beklentileri, kapasite kstlamalar, kresellemenin etkileri ve doal afetler gibi birok faktrden kaynaklanan risklerle kar karyadr. Steele, "Bu tehditler hem i hem de d risk kaynaklarndan gelebilir" dedi. Tedarik zinciri iindeki beklenmedik durumlarla ilgili olan ilki, tedarik zincirinin nasl verimlilik aradyla ilgilidir.14 Tedarik zinciri yneticisi bu i gleri nlemek ve kontrol etmek iin baz nlemler alabilir; rnein, sre oryantasyon eylemi , nleme, tedarik zinciri ana dmlerini .

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