Networking

1. Presentation
By
Naza Hameed Jan

2.  What is IP?
 Purpose
 Protocol
 Journey of IP versions
 IPV4 4bytes and classes
 Feature of IPV4
 Benefits of IPV4
 Shortcomings of IPV4
 Supporting device

3.  IP stands for Internet Protocol
 IP specifies the format of packets, also called
datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most
networks combine IP with a higher-level
protocol called Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), which establishes a virtual connection
between a destination and a source.

4.  IP by itself is something like the postal
system.
 It allows you to address a package and drop it
in the system, but there's no direct link
between you and the recipient.
 TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a
connection between two hosts so that they
can send messages back and forth for a
period of time.

5.  Rules and conventions explaining how something
must be done
 Used to describe how devices can communicate
 Protocol also defines the format of Data i.e. being
exchanged.
If we both utilize the same protocol then you know
how to format data so I will understand it and I know
how to format data so you will understand it

6.  The Internet Protocol defines the basic unit of
data transfer (IP Datagram)
 IP software performs the routing function
 IP includes a set of rules that process the idea
of unreliable packet delivery.
◦ How hosts and routers should process packets
◦ How & when error messages should be generated
◦ The Conditions under which packets can be
discarded.

7.  IP provides an unreliable connectionless best
effort service
◦ Unreliable : IP doesn’t make an attempt to recover
lost packets
◦ Connectionless : Each packet is handled
independently
◦ Best Effort : IP doesn’t make guarantees on the
service ( No through output , No delay guarantee…)

8.  IPV(1-3) : were not formally assigned.
 IPV4 : TCP/IP , 32bit IP address currently used.
 IPV5 : Internet Stream Protocol (SP)
 Experimental Protocol
 Never Introduced for public use.
 IPV6 : Designed to replace IPV4 , 128bit IP
address

9.  It is 32 bit number represented in 4byte of decimal
number where each decimal number is of 8 bit
(octet) is separated by a dot(.).
 Thus representation known as doted decimal
representation.
 IP address consists of 2 components the network id
and the host id.
1000111110000000 10001001 10010000
1st Byte
= 128
2nd Byte
= 143
3rd Byte
= 137
4th Byte
= 144
128.143.137.144

10.  Network id:-it is the number assigned to a network
in the internet.
Host id:- it represents the id assigned to a host in
the network.
 IPv4 allows 232 (4294967296) unique address
which section of IP address show the network id &
which section show the machine or host id depend
on the class network.

11.  There are five classes in IPv4 addresses
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D
 Class E
 Classes A, B and C differ in the no. of host allowed
per network
 Class D is for multicasting and class E is reserved

12. • When Internet addresses were standardized (early
1980s), the Internet address space was divided up
into classes
• Class A: Network prefix is 8 bits long
• Class B: Network prefix is 16 bits long
• Class C: Network prefix is 24 bits long
• Each IP address contained a key which identifies the
class
• Class A: IP address starts with “0”
• Class B: IP address starts with “10”
• Class C: IP address starts with “110”

13. Class C network id host11 0
Network Prefix
24 bits
Host Number
8 bits
bit # 0 1 23 242 313
Class B 1 network id host
bit # 0 1 15 162
Network Prefix
16 bits
Host Number
16 bits
0
31
Class A 0
Network Prefix
8 bits
bit # 0 1 7 8
Host Number
24 bits
31

14. Class D multicast group id11 1
bit # 0 1 2 313
0
4
Class E (reserved for future use)11 1
bit # 0 1 2 313
1
4
0
5

15.  Connectionless protocol and best effort
based.
 Simplicity
 It is simpler and easy to remember
 Require less memory
 Familiarity
 Millions of devices are already knowing it
 Existing infrastructure already support it

16.  Widely support
 Shorter & Sweeter (header)
 Support of all Operating Systems
 All commonly used protocols are supported

17.  IPV4 specification didn’t identify any security
mechanism.
 Millions of class A addresses are wasted.
 Many class B addresses also wasted.
 Not so many organizations are so small to
have a class C block.
 Class E addresses were reserved for future
purposes.

18. Insufficiency
Only four bytes
Maximum nodes ~ 4.3 billion
Much less than the human population
(6.799billion)
Not enough for growing number of users
Will be exhausted in near future

19.  PCs
 Servers
 Modems
 Routers
 Printers
 Cameras
 Smart Phones
 Tablets & Gaming Systems
 Just about anything else connecting to the
Internet

20.  IPv6 will make use of 128 bit IP address.
 An IPv6 address is represented as 8 groups of 4
hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16
bits (2 octets). The groups are separated by
colons(:).
 E.g.- 2001:0db8.85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

21. IPV6 provides a platform on new internet
functionality that will be needed in the immediate
future and provide
flexibility for future growth and expansion.

22.  IP supports the following services
 One-to-one (unicast)
 One-to-any (anycast)
 One-to-several (multicast)
unicast
multicast anycast

23.  To transmit data from one point to another.
 Multiple users might request
◦ Same data
◦ From the same server
◦ At the same time
duplicate data streams are transmitted one to each user
 Scope may be Global or Local
◦ Global for worldwide communication
◦ Local for communication within a site

24. Server
Router
Ethernet
Switch
Figure 01: How unicast works

25.  Ability to send a single packet to multiple
destinations
 No broadcast
◦ Ability to send a packet to all hosts on the attached link
◦ same effect can be achieved by sending a packet to the
link-local all hosts multicast group
 Applications
◦ Telephony and video conference
◦ Database simultaneous update
◦ Parallel computing
◦ Real time news

26. Figure 02: How multicast works
Server
Router
Ethernet
Switch

27.  Uses Anycast address
◦ Identifies a set of nodes
◦ Packet will reach only one out of many (usually,
topologically closest one)
 Anycast address can be assigned to routers only
 Anycast address cannot be used as a source

28. IPv6 Site
IPv6 Site
IPv6 Site
IPv4 Internet

29. IPV6
New header format
Large address space
Built in Security
Extensibility
Better support for QoS
Efficient & hierarchical addressing and
routing infrastructure

30. Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
Identification Flags
Fragment
Offset
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Payload Length
Next
Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address