The document summarizes a study on biomedical waste management in hospitals in Guna, India. It discusses the types and quantities of waste generated, current collection and disposal methods, and compliance with waste management guidelines. The study assessed waste generation at three hospitals, finding higher rates of infectious and total waste at government hospitals compared to private facilities. It identifies issues like lack of proper waste segregation and processing. The conclusion recommends improving waste management through increased training, segregation, treatment, and development of effective disposal sites in accordance with regulations.

1. Bio-Medical Waste Management
Aditya Vikram Singh (101504)
Paarth Singh(101537)
Jaypee University of Engineering &
Technology, GUNA

2. AIM
To study the status of biomedical wastes management in the
hospitals situated in Guna with the following objectives:
• To determine the types of waste generated in three
hospitals in Guna
• To evaluate their collection and disposal methods
• To assess and compare the volume and quantity of waste
generated in Hospitals.

3. • To assess their knowledge on hospital waste
management guidelines and the level of training given
to hospital waste handlers.
• To make recommendations for effective hospital waste
management in Guna.
• Designing of waste disposal site

4. WASTES
WASTES
“Something which is
not put into proper
usage at a given
time”.
Wastes
Solid waste
Household
waste
Industrial
waste
Biomedical
waste or
hospital waste
Liquid Waste
Gaseous Waste

5. What is Bio-medical waste ?
Definition
– Anything tested or used on an individual, or any trash from
biological experiments are medical waste
Generated from
– Waste generated by health care facility
– Research facility
– Laboratories
Hazardous health care waste
– 85% waste is non infectious
– 10% are infectious
– 5% are hazardous

6. History
• In the late 1980’s
– Items such as used syringes washed up on several East
Coast beaches USA
– HIV and HPV virus infection
– Lead to development of Biomedical Waste Management
Law in USA.
• However in India the seriousness about the management
came into lime light only after 1990’s.

7. Laws of Biomedical Waste Management
On 20th July 1998
• Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India,
Framed a rule known as ‘Bio-medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998,’
• Provides uniform guidelines and code of practice for Bio-medical waste
management.
According to this rule Bio-Medical Waste
“Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities
pertaining there to or in the production of testing of biological”

8. Study Area
The study was carried out in Guna.
• Two Government hospitals i.e. Guna Govt. hospital and
Raghogarh .
• Private hospital Sahyog, Aashirwad and Jaypee hospital

9. Biomedical waste Statistics
Developed Countries- 1-5 kg/bed/day, with variations
among countries.
In India• 1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
• Approximately 506.74 tons/ day wastes generated
• Out of which only 57% waste undergoes proper
disposal

10. Categories of Bio-Medical Wastes
Non-Infectious
waste, 80%
Pathological
and Infectious
waste, 15%
Radioactive,
Cytotoxic and
heavy
metals, 1%
Sharps, 1%
Chemical and
Pharmaceutical
waste, 3%

11. Data Collection
A page of questionnaire was used to collect data on
following category –
• Collection,
• Segregation,
• Treatment,
• Transportation and
• Final disposal

12. Data Analysis
Waste generation rate (kg/bed/day) in GUNA hospital
Hospital
Mean waste generation rate
(day/bed/kg)
Non-infectious
Infectious
Sharp
Government
2.11
4.21
Private
0.64
1.6
0.27
2.51
2.75
5.81
0.87
9.43
Total
0.6
Total
6.92

13. • Non-infectious, infectious and sharps wastes from out-patient
and in-patient services in hospitals were collected separately.
• Weighing with accurate scales each types of waste were
recorded on special data form .
• Then the wastes were transported to a special site for storage
and final disposal.
• The quantities of infectious, non- infectious and sharp wastes
were tabulated and analyzed in terms of kg/bed/day.

14. Rate of Waste Generation in Hospitals of GUNA city
Hospitalcode
NO.of bed
Generation rate (day/bed/kg)
Non Infectious
Infectious
Sharp Total
Total
GOVT.
200
2.11
4.21
0.6
6.92
Aashirwad
75
0.34
0.70
0.20
1.24
Jaypee
50
-
-
-
-
shayog
30
-
-
-
-

15. • The results revealed that in all hospitals, the wastes were
collected at the morning of each day.
• Then collected wastes were transported to a temporary
storage area by the hospital staff.
• The staff employed for handling the wastes in all hospitals
used personal protective equipment with Apron, gloves
mask and boots Containers.

16. GUNA GOVT. HOSPITAL
Intensive Care Unit
Male
Female
Total
Number of bed
10
10
20
Number of inpatient/day
5
7
Number of outpatient/day
3
2
5
Casualty Ward
Number of bed
2
Number of inpatient/day
2
Number of outpatient/day
2
Maternity Ward
Number of bed
20
Number of inpatient/day
17
Number of outpatient/day
8
Children Ward
Number of bed
18
Number of inpatient/day
8
Number of outpatient/day
3
Total No. of inpatient/day
39
Total waste collected/day
Total No. of outpatient/day
18
Avg. 80-90 kg/day

17. Aashirwad Hospital:It is a private hospital in Guna city with 50 bed capacity.
Month
Number of Bags
Yellow
Red
Blue
Black
Aug.
85
97
75
105
Sept.
72
85
70
90
Oct.
75
90
60
95
Nov.
86
95
75
106
Waste produced by the Hospital is
collect by the private contractor
recognized by the GOVT. Then this
waste is transferred to the
disposable site where this waste is
segregated and disposes according
to the best method for that specified
waste.
Mainly landfill is done ate the site.

18. Jaypee Hospital, Saada Colony
Month
Number of Bags
.
Yellow
Red
Blue
Black
Aug.
112
123
142
178
Sept.
45
62
70
118
Oct.
48
51
10
102
Nov.
31
29
17
02
The waste collect per bag weight is
around 2-5 kg depending on the
category of waste it carry.

19. Components of Bio-medical waste
• Human anatomical waste • Tissues, organs, body parts
• Animal waste
• Generated during
research/experimentation, f
rom veterinary hospitals
• Laboratory
• Microbiology and
cultures, microbiotechnology waste
organisms, human and
animal cell cultures, toxins
• Waste sharps
• hypodermic
needles, syringes, scalpels, b
roken glass
• Liquid waste
• Generated from any of the
infected areas

20. Components of Bio-medical waste
 Soiled waste

Chemical waste
• Dressing, bandages, plaster
casts, material contaminated with
blood
• Alcohol, Sulphuric acid, chlorine
powder, Glutaraldehyde, Picric
acid, fertilizer, ammonia
 Discarded medicines and cyto• Barium enema, X-rays, Cancer
toxic drugs
chemotherapy, tar-based products
 Radioactive Components
 Incineration ash
• EtBr, Radioactive components

21. Pharmaceutical Waste
Sharp Waste

22. The exposure to hazardous health care waste can
result in
1. Infection
2. Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity
3. Chemical toxicity
4. Radioactivity hazards.
5. Physical injuries
6. Public sensitivity.

23. Classification of Waste Category as per
WHO standard
Cat- 1
Human Anatomical Wastes
Cat- 2
Animal Anatomical Wastes
Cat- 3
Microbiology and Biotechnology wastes
Cat- 4
Waste Sharps
Cat- 5
Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic drugs

24. Classification of Waste Category as per
WHO standard
Cat- 6 Sailed Wastes
Cat- 7 Solid Wastes
Cat- 8 Liquid wastes
Cat- 9 Incineration Ash
Cat-10 Chemical wastes

25. Pharmaceutical Waste
Blood bags found in the municipal waste stream in violation of
rules for such waste.

26. Storage
• The implementation schedule (Schedule II)
in the municipal solid waste rules specified
activities to be taken by the
municipality/operator to ensure that
storage of municipal solid waste takes
place, after collection and segregation and
before it is transported for processing and
disposal.

27. Activities for storage to be undertaken by the municipality
Done Not
done
Not
verifiable
Total
1. Storage facilities established based upon the quantities of waste generated
1
2
1
4
2. Storage facilities so designed that wastes stored are not exposed to open 1
atmosphere and are aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly.
3
-
4
1
3
4
Performance of most Agencies poor
3. Bins for storage of biodegradable wastes have been painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes painted white and those for storage of other wastes
painted black
Most complete in the sampled Agency
4. Storage facilities set up by municipal authorities (tender passed to private 1
agencies) attended daily for clearing of wastes and the bins or containers
cleaned beforethey start overflowing
3
-
4

28. Transportation
• The implementation schedule (Schedule II) in the
municipal solid waste rules specified activities to be
undertaken by the municipality/operator to ensure that
transportation of municipal solid waste for
processing/disposal takes place in a hygienic manner and
does not cause littering of waste.
• It was seen that out of 4 sampled municipalities, only
few of sampled municipality’s agencies were using
covered trucks for transportation.

29. Processing
• The implementation schedule (Schedule II) in the
municipal solid waste rules specified that municipal
authorities adopt suitable technology or combination of
such technologies to make use of wastes to minimize
burden on landfill.
• The role of municipalities in relation to establishment
of processing facilities was examined in audit in 4
sampled municipalities agencies.

30. Color Coding For Segregation of
BMW
COLOR
Yellow
Red
WASTE
TREATMENT
Human & Animal anatomical waste /
Micro-biology waste and soiled
cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc.
Incineration / Deep burial
Tubing, Catheters, IV sets.
Autoclaving / Microwaving /
Chemical treatment
Blue /
White
Waste sharps
Autoclaving / Microwaving /
( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. Chemical treatment &
)
Destruction / Shredding
Black
Regular waste
Disposal in secured landfill or
recycling

31. Activities for processing of waste to be Done
undertaken by the municipality
Not done
Not
verifiable
Total
1. Biodegradable wastes processed by 2
composting,
vermi-composting,
anaerobic
digestion or any other appropriate biological
processing for stabilization of wastes.
1
1
4
2. Use of incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletisatio for processing
wastes in specific cases
4
-
4
3. Waste processing or disposal facilities include 2
composting, incineration, pelletisation, energy
recovery or any other facility duly approved
byCPCB.
2
-
4
Total
7
1
12
4

32. • It can be seen that waste processing facilities were almost
nonexistent; with only 4 agencies having waste processing
capabilities while a huge 60% did not have any waste
processing facilities.
• Hardly any waste processing facilities existed in the selected
municipality agencies. This would only aggravate the
landfilling operations.
High temperature burning of waste in plant

33. Hospital waste disposal

34. Disposal
• The implementation schedule (Schedule II) in the
municipal solid waste rules specified that landfilling
should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste
and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling
or for biological and that landfilling of mixed waste
should be avoided.
• It was seen in audit that only 1 landfills were established
in the sampled 4municipalities agencies.

36. •
•
•
•
•
•
Survey of waste generated.
Segregation of hospital waste.
Collection & Categorization of waste.
Storage of waste.( Not beyond 48 hrs. )
Transportation of waste.
Treatment of waste.

37. Source Reduction
• Source Reduction - ways to lessen the amount
of material
– Segregation - keeping noninfectious waste out of the
infectious waste stream
– Minimization - reduce or eliminate waste at the
source
– Engineering controls - methods to reduce quantity
of waste(smaller containers)

38. Conclusion
• Thus refuse disposal cannot be solved without public education.
• Individual participation is required.
• Municipality and government should pay importance to disposal
of waste economically.
• Thus educating and motivating oneself first is important and
then preach others about it.

39. Lets Make This World A
Better Place to Live in.
THANK YOU