Instructions Mutation 3 This time the mutation will occur i.pdf

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Instructions Mutation 3- This time the mutation will occur in the third position of the triplet. The triplet with the mutated base compared to the original DNA strand in activity 1 is under lined. Note: the triplet from the previcus mutation is normal again. Activity 3: Mutations- Mutation 3 Beginning of mRNA 1 mRNA: Codon1Codon2Codon3Codon4Codon5 2 3. if UuUTriplat 1 triplet 2 triplet 3 triplet 4 tiplets in order starting with codon 1 and endirg with codon 7. Befinning of inRNA mRNA:Now modify the mRNA as you did in Activity 1. Activity 3: Mutations- mRNA modifieation 26 0.5pints Match the codons in oriler aftes the introm are cuif out of the modifod miNNAstrand. Instructions Now translate it as you did in Activity 2 by removing introns and splicing exonsNow trandate it as you did in Activity 2 by remowing introns and splicirg exns. vCG Activity 3: Mutations-Translation 27. azsponts Choose the correct anticodon sequence for the image. CAUGGAUAC CUC STOP AUG UAG CUCGAGAAU UACGGA UAUGNUSTOP GAGUGACGAGAGUAA mievia trasenipi. 28 0.25points Choose the correct sequence of AMINO AGIDS that results firm the translated anticodon sequence. Met Prolle Leu Aspser Prophe lle Gly Pro Cys Met Vat ProArs95 points When there is a change in the third position of the triplet. it often results in a codon that translatesinto the same amino acid as the ofiginal codon. The third. position of a codon is known as the position. The fact that ainino acids tave multeple codons is known as the which heip prevent a change in the protein due to mutation in the DNa..

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RNA EDITING RNA editing, like RNA splicing, can change the sequence of the RNA after it has been transcribed. Instead of stretches of the mRNA being reassorted, during editing, individual bases are either inserted, deleted or changed. That is the coding information in the RNA is altered. There are two mechanisms that mediate editing: 1. Site specific deamination of adenines or cytosines 2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion or deletion 1. Site specific deamination of adenines ➢ The mammalian apolipoprotein B gene has several exons among which one is CAA codon that is targeted for editing. ➢ It is the C within the code that gets deaminated. The deamination is performed by the enzyme cytidine deaminase, that converts C to U. the deamination occurs in a tissue-specific manner: messages are edited in intestinal cells but not in liver cells. ➢ The CAA codon, which is translated as glutamine in the unedited message in the liver, is thus converted to UAA- a stop codon in the intestine. The result is full length protein is formed in the liver but a truncated polypeptide is made in the intestine. ➢ The longer form of apolipoprotein, in the liver is involved in the transport of endogenously synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides. The shorter form, in the intestine transports dietary lipids to various tissues. Fig: Site specific deamination. Site specific deamination of cytosines ➢ This reaction is performed by the enzyme ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) to generate inosine from adenine. ➢ Inosine can base pair with cytosine, and thus this change can readily alter the sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA. ➢ An ion channel expressed in mammalian brains is the target of this type of editing. A single edit in its mRNA elicits a single amino acid change in the protein, which in turn alters the Ca2+ permeability of the channel. In the absence of this editing, brain development is seriously impaired. 2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion or deletion ➢ In this case, multiple Us are inserted into specific regions of mRNA after transcription. The addition of Us to the message changes codons and reading frames, completely altering the meaning of the message. ➢ In a specific region of the mRNA of the trypanosome coxII gene, four Us are inserted between adjacent sites at three sites. ➢ Us are inserted in to the message by so called guide RNAs (gRNAs). Each gRNAs are divided in to three regions: 1. The anchor at the 5’ end. It directs the gRNA to the region of the mRNA it will edit. 2. The region that determines exactly where the Us will be inserted within the edited sequence. 3. Poly- U stretch at the 3’ end. ➢ A stretch of gRNA complementary to the region in the message to be edited contains additional As. The As are at positions in the gRNA opposite where Us will be inserted in to the mRNA.

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Hi Answer: Q. Eukaryotic messenger RNA can undergo post synthetic processing after transcription and before translation. One of the processing steps is splicing, where portions of the RNA are removed and the remaining RNA joined together. Sort of the following statements regarding mRNA splicing as true or false Answer: Two options are True: i.e.(1) One mRNA can sometimes code for more than one protein by splicing at alternative sites (2) Small RNAs in the spliceosome recognize the 5 and 3 splice site sequence. Three options are False i.e. (1) Splicing occurs while the mRNA is attached to the spliceosome (2) In splicing exon sequence are removed from the mRNA in the form of lariats, and are degraded (3) Splicing occurs after the mRNA enters the cytoplasm but before it binds to the ribosome Explanation: When splicing occurs at that time mRNA is still in the nucleus not in the spliceosome. Second, splicing intron sequence are removed from the mRNA in the form of lariats, and are degraded not the exon sequences. Solution Hi Answer: Q. Eukaryotic messenger RNA can undergo post synthetic processing after transcription and before translation. One of the processing steps is splicing, where portions of the RNA are removed and the remaining RNA joined together. Sort of the following statements regarding mRNA splicing as true or false Answer: Two options are True: i.e.(1) One mRNA can sometimes code for more than one protein by splicing at alternative sites (2) Small RNAs in the spliceosome recognize the 5 and 3 splice site sequence. Three options are False i.e. (1) Splicing occurs while the mRNA is attached to the spliceosome (2) In splicing exon sequence are removed from the mRNA in the form of lariats, and are degraded (3) Splicing occurs after the mRNA enters the cytoplasm but before it binds to the ribosome Explanation: When splicing occurs at that time mRNA is still in the nucleus not in the spliceosome. Second, splicing intron sequence are removed from the mRNA in the form of lariats, and are degraded not the exon sequences..

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Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription What critical RNA processing events usually happen to pre-mRNA\'s before they sent to the cytoplasm for translation? What is a 5\' cap? What is a poly A tail? What do these end modifications do for the mRNA transcript? What is RNA splicing? What are introns? What are exons? How are intros spliced out? What is a spliceosome? What is a \"snurp\" (snRNA)? Solution After its synthesis, the eukaryotic mRNA will undergo extensive modification like capping, polyadenylation and splicing to enter into the process of translation. (B) Capping: Here the 5\' end of the mRNA is modified by the addition of 7-methylguanosine (m7G) and the main function of this cap is to protect the 5\' end of the primary RNA transcript from attack by ribonucleases and this 5’ cap will be recognized by eukaryotic initiation factors, so that it can assemble the mature mRNA with the ribosome to start the process of translation. At the 3\' end of the RNA, we will have polyadenylation signal and during transcription itself this sequence will be chopped by an enzyme and another enzyme will add about 100100100 - 200200200 adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3’ end and this will form the poly-A tail. The main function of this poly A tail is proving stability to the transcript and also helping it to get exported from the nucleus to the cytosol.RNA splicing (C )Splicing is the third big RNA processing event and the pre-mRNA will have two sequences, exons and introns. Introns are the non-coding sequences and exons are the coding sequences, here in this step the through splicing, the introns will be removed and exons will be attached together. In RNA splicing, specific parts of the pre-mRNA (introns) will be recognized and removed by a protein-and-RNA complex called the spliceosome. Mature mRNA will have only exons, but no introns. (D)The splicing signal exon/GU-intron-AG/exon will be present in nuclear mRNA precursors and 5\' and 3\' splice sites always have consensus sequences extending beyond GU and AG motifs. During splicing, the exon-intron boundaries will be recognized by snRNA and the consensus sequences within introns will get hybridized and now the proteins other snRNAs will assemble the spliceosome on the transcript, the unpaired A present at 3\' side of the introns will attacks the 5\' exon -intron boundary with the help of 2\' OH and this will give rise to lariat structure. The free 3\' OH of the upstream exon will displace the downstream junctional nucleotide, like this introns will be removed and exons will be attached together. (E)A spliceosome is a large complex formed due to the assembly of snRNAs and protein complexes, and plays an important role in splicing of pre mRNA. snRNPs (snurps) is the small nuclear ribonucleic proteins and this is a RNA-protein complexes and they will form a larger complex with the unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form the structure called spliceosome.(A)Critical RNA processing events.

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