Gambling Co-existing Problems (CEP)

Gambling & Co-existing Problems
Sean Sullivan PhD
ABACUS Counselling Training & Supervision

How and why do mental disorders begin?
• Biological drivers?
• Psychological?
• Social?
• Is this the same with gambling problems?
• How often do mental health problems co-occur with gambling
harm?

Mental Health disorders commonly
co-occur with Gambling Harm
96.3% of those meeting Pathological Gambling Disorder
(PGD) criteria also met another psychiatric disorder (and
two-thirds met 3 or more disorders)
Kessler et al 2008

• 42% had a substance use disorder (57% of SUD started prior to
PGD).
• 56% had a mood disorder (65% prior to PGD).
• 60% had an anxiety disorder (82% prior to PGD).
Overall, 74.3% of these problem gamblers experienced the other
disorder prior to PGD.
Mental Health disorders often pre-exist
Kessler et al 2008

Alcohol and other drugs
a brief recap

Social, Family
&
Individual issues
Other Mental Health Disorders
Current: over 20% of the population >18 yrs
Current: 6%
(alcohol 4%
other drug 2%)
PG
AOD
Disorders
Current
2%?
MH, PG and AOD enmeshed

Increased Risk for CEP in Problem Gambling
NZHS; Kessler 2008; Zimmerman 2006; Korman 2008; Cunningham-Williams 2007; Petry 2005
Disorder General Population PG (lifetime)
Alcohol
(abuse/dependence)
13.5% 73%
Drug
(not alcohol: abuse/dependence)
6% 38%
Depression (any affective) 8.3% 49.6%
Anxiety 14.6% 41.3%
Anti-Social PD 3% 23%
Paranoid PD 0.5-2.5% 25%
Psychological distress K10 5-7% 21-23%
General health (NZHS) 5-7% 21-23%
Smoking nicotine 18-19% 58-76%

Overlap between AOD & PG
NZ Health Survey 2006/7:
Problem gamblers often have AOD issues – Male PGs 72.6%,
female PGs 37.6% score 8 or more on AUDIT – cf. general
population 17.7%
DSM-5:
“Gambling disorder also appears to aggregate with antisocial
personality disorder, depressive and bipolar disorders, and other
substance use disorders, particularly with alcohol disorders”

PG may have a genetic factor as AOD
• N=4764 of which 867 identical pairs, 1008 non-identical pairs.
• Participants with one PG (DSM) criteria there is 49% chance
PG inherited, three or more symptoms, 58% chance PG was
inherited:
“Like alcoholism, problem gambling is a complex disorder…
The answer will be in a collection of genes, maybe 10 or
100, we don’t know how many, but each gene will increase
the risk slightly for developing those problems.”
Slutske et al 2010 Archives of General Psychiatry

What connection has PG to AOD?
• ‘…consistent association of PG and AOD may suggest they may
have some genetic linkage.’
Petry 2005
• ‘Two-thirds of those affected by both AOD and PG had AOD
problems prior to PG.’
Kessler 2008
• ‘PG who had received prior treatment for AOD disorders were
more likely to have greater PG severity & psychosocial
problems than PG without prior AOD therapy’
Stinchfield et al 2005

Major Depressive Disorder
Significant levels of stress/function impairment with 5 or more of (with
at least one of criteria 1) or 2) for the same 2-week period (and is a
change from past functioning):
1. Depressed mood most day.
2. Markedly less interest or pleasure most activities.
3. Significant weight loss or gain (5% p/month).
4. Sleep problems.
5. Agitation or slowing down.
6. Fatigue or loss of energy.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt.
8. Reduced ability to concentrate, make decisions.
9. Thoughts of suicide (or plans/attempts).

Depression
(a stepped care approach)
• Most adults with mild depression can be treated in
primary care by their GP.
• Intensity of intervention determined by the severity of
depression.
• Can carry out repeated assessment to evaluate the
effectiveness of interventions.
• If not responding or severity increases apply greater
interventions.
• Treatment goal is remission of symptoms and prevention
of recurrence.

Depression
• Can affect approx 6% of the population in NZ each year.
• After one depressive episode, chances of another = 50-60%;
after two, 70%; three 90%.
• Heritable: 1.5 – 3x more likely if first degree relatives have it.
(NZ Guidelines group, 2006)

Depression Screen
Whooley et al 1997 (Note: these are included in CHAT screen)
1) During the last month, have you often been bothered by
feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
2) During the past month, have you often been bothered by
having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
If yes to one or both, give feedback and ask if it is something they
would like help with and if so, offer further assessment. If not,
gauge severity, act accordingly and monitor safety.

How depressive symptoms
affect treatment participation
• Difficulty in concentrating and integrating information.
• Trouble keeping appointments.
• Lack of energy to participate in programme activities such as
group therapy, family therapy, AA/NA meetings, youth groups
and recreational activities.
• Lack of perceived ability or motivation to change.
• Belief that he or she is beyond help.
• Difficulty engaging in recovery activities because of social
withdrawal.
• Being overwhelmed by feelings (sadness, anger,
hopelessness).

Assessment and management of depression
• Check for level of supports (family/whanau and friends;
employment/economic situation); social, other health carers.
• Check current self-harm risk (asking directly doesn’t increase
risk); risk for others (eg children).
• Ask if OK to phone/check in, to monitor risk and deterioration.
• Educate on diet, exercise, relaxation techniques, sleep.
• Mild depression: self help strategies can work well. Moderate
depression: psychological therapies and antidepressant
medication can work equally well.
• Severe depression: the use of (stronger) antidepressants is
usually indicated, and is enhanced with additional counselling.

Teach self-help techniques
for depressed mood (CBT)
It may be hard to get going if mild to moderately depressed, but
clients usually feel better when they do (behavioural activation):
• Plan a timetable with clients for daily activities e.g.
– Meals.
– appointments, commitments.
– fill in the gaps with at least one thing they enjoy, and some physical activity.
– plan to include others if they don’t feel like doing things.
• If running late, skip to next item.
• Reward themselves for what they have done.
• Teach problem solving therapy for issues that arise.
• Structure sleep times – read/watch TV if they can’t sleep, then try
again; discuss diet, alcohol and caffeine use.

What is ‘anxiety’?
• Common emotion that prepares for ‘fight or flight’.
• But if not appropriate and is persistent, then may be
distressing and cause problems in our well-being.
• These anxiety problems have a wide range of symptoms and
these symptoms have been categorised into five main
categories.

Are these anxiety disorders?
• Mary was involved in a car accident in which her best friend
died. She can’t sit in the front seat and is particularly anxious
at night when travelling.
• Peter found that he started to use P when aged 15 as was
uncomfortable at parties speaking to girls and got tongue-tied.
The P changed his life and he could talk to anyone. But now
he’s in treatment…
• Jenny hates spiders. She was bitten by one in Australia and
nearly died. She is aware there are not usually very poisonous
spiders here, but every now and then she reads of one being
found in shipping containers – couldn’t it escape?

DSM4 & DSM5 anxiety conditions
• Generalised Anxiety Disorder – always worried.
• Panic Attacks – sudden onset uncontrolled and without reason.
• Phobias – unreasonable and persistent fear of object or
situation.
• Social Anxiety – fear of being judged negatively.
• Separation Anxiety – fear of separation from important people
(or home) in your life.
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder/Acute Stress Disorder – (Moved
for DSM5) traumatic event ‘relived’ Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder – (moved for DSM5) compulsion to perform rituals to
prevent obsessive fear.

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple things.
• Been for six months and usually present.
• Hard to control.
• Associated with three or more of restlessness, tire easily,
concentration deficits, irritable, tense muscles, sleep
problems, and to extent cause significant distress or
functioning difficulties.
• Approximately 9% over lifetime may experience these.

GAD – a CBT approach
• Sufferers believe worry is useful to prevent outcomes.
• Problem solving training is useful.
• Rather than stopping the thoughts and worries (avoiding) –
because the anxiety remains – try exposure until anxiety drops
50% (usually 20 minutes).
• Can use imaginal desensitisation, or self-help, plus medication
may complement.

Social Anxiety Disorder
• Out of proportion fear of exposure to scrutiny.
• Fear (at least six months) that they will display anxiety that will
be humiliating, or will offend, or cause rejection.
• Causes distress.
• Almost always occurs in these social situations and are
avoided if possible.
• Between 3%-7% of population.

Panic Disorder
• Recurrent & expected periods of intense fear with 4 or more
other symptoms (below) that peak within 10 mins.
• Racing heart, sweating, trembling, breathless, feeling
shocked, chest pain, nausea, depersonalisation, fear losing
control/crazy, fear dying, numbed, chills/flushes.
• Can be with agoraphobia (difficult escape/embarrassing).

• Group therapy often helpful.
• Self-help (bibliotherapy) effective.
• CBT plus medication effective.
• Psycho-education important that physical damage is not
occurring.
• Exposure.
Panic Disorder

Agoraphobia
• Two or more over six months of:
– Using public transport.
– Being in open spaces.
– Being in enclosed places.
– Being in a crowd or in a line.
– Being outside of home alone.
• Avoids these for fear of panic or embarrassment.
• Out of proportion and almost always present in these situations,
and causes distress.

Phobias
Typically lasts 6 months or more:
• Fear/anxiety about a specific thing or situation.
• Strong or persistent excessive fear in presence of
object/situation.
• Exposure to it leads to anxiety (or even panic attack).
• Recognises excessive.
• Avoided (or endured with anxiety).
• Interferes with functioning.
• Out of proportion.
• With children, anxiety crying or clinging or tantrums.

• May result in rapid recovery.
• Some exposures difficult e.g. flying and virtual reality may be a
better approach than real exposure.
• Often group format has been found to be effective.
• Face to face better than self-help.
Phobias

• Separated out from anxiety in DSM5.
• Gradual exposure to triggers for the thoughts together with
response prevention.
• Realisation that no harm changes belief in necessity for the
OCD behaviour.
• Exposure gradually, asking not to perform the avoidant
response, and discussing the positive (non-crisis) outcome.
• Hoarders a separate subgroup.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Recurrent and persistent thoughts, images or impulses that
are intrusive, cause distress, not about real-life problems, try
to neutralise them, recognised as due to own mind.
• Driven to perform a rigid response to prevent/reduce a crisis,
response not connected to crisis or is excessive.
• Aimed at reducing anxiety or distress.
• Often realises unreasonable/excessive, and causes
dysfunction, distress, or time-consuming.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Follows exposure to a traumatic or stressful experience.
• Comprises a mix of fear, lack of enjoyment/depression,
anger/aggression.
• Sub-types: can be delayed onset and dissociation.

Various criterion for PTSD
For more than one month (prior is Acute Stress Disorder)
• Exposure to death, threatened death, actual or threatened
serious injury or sexual violence (either direct, witnessed,
indirect (close friend, violent/accident) or repeated indirect
exposure to aversive details of such events (but not through
media) – can be health/police professionals/other first
responders.
• Trauma re-experienced (either recurrent intrusive memories,
nightmares, dissociative flashbacks, ongoing stress exposure
after the trauma, physical reactions to trauma stimuli).

• Avoidance – ongoing efforts to avoidance of (either)
thoughts/feelings related to the trauma, external reminders
(e.g. people, places).
• Negative changes in thoughts and mood that worsened after
the trauma (either) inability to recall aspects of the event,
negative beliefs about yourself or the world, blaming self or
others for the trauma, negative feelings (e.g. guilt, fear)
reduced interest in activities, feeling alienation from others, no
positive feelings.
• Changes in arousal & reactions (two of either) irritable or
aggressive, reckless or destructive, over-vigilant, easily startled,
hard to concentrate, poor sleep.

Also:
• Distress, or difficulty in functioning (but not due to drugs or
illness).
• Can be either of the subtypes of Depersonalisation (feeling
detached from self, dreamlike) or Derealisation (feels unreal,
distorted).
• Can be ‘With Delayed Expression’ if symptoms don’t appear
until at least 6 months after the trauma.
• Can occur in under 6 year olds ‘Preschool Subtype’ with
symptoms coming out in play.
• Removed requirement of ‘response involved intense fear,
helplessness or horror’.

Personality Disorders
‘A Personality Disorder is an enduring pattern of inner
experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and
inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood,
is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.’
DSM5

General PD
• Enduring thoughts and behaviour that differs markedly from
the person’s culture, that is seen in two or more of:
– Thoughts (way interprets self or perceives others).
– Affect or emotion (range, intensity, instability,
appropriateness of emotional response).
– Interpersonal functioning.
– Impulse control.
• Is inflexible, seen broadly in situations, causes distress or
impairment to the person, start early in life, not due to other
MH or AOD.

When do personality disorders develop?
• Personality forms during childhood.
• Shaped by inherited tendencies, environmental factors and
childhood experiences.

But…
• Typical clients may meet the criteria for a specific PD but also
some/sufficient criteria for other personality disorders i.e.
personality disorder not always specific.
• An alternative model is provided in DSM5 for PDs
characterising them by impairments in functioning and
personality traits and can diagnose a PD when specific criteria
for a particular PD and not sufficiently present but the clinician
considers the PD is present.

Personality Disorders – DSM4
Currently there are 10 Personality Disorders (PD)
1. Paranoid PD Cluster A – ‘odd or eccentric’
2. Schizoid PD
3. Schizotypal PD
4. Antisocial PD Cluster B – ‘dramatic, emotional, erratic’
5. Borderline PD
6. Histrionic PD
7. Narcissistic PD
8. Avoidant PD
9. Dependent PD
10. Obsessive-Compulsive PD Cluster C – ‘anxious, fearful’
Personality change due to another medical condition.
Other specified personality disorder and unspecified PD.

Brief description of these PDs
Odd/eccentric
• Paranoid PD: distrust, suspicious with others motives seen as
malevolent.
• Schizoid PD: detached from others and relationships,
restricted emotions.
• Schizotypal PD: high discomfort with close relationships,
distorted thoughts and perceptions, eccentric (alternative
model: impaired social/close relationships, eccentric thoughts,
perceptions, behaviours associated with distorted self
image/goals, suspicious, emotions restricted).

Dramatic/emotional/erratic
• Antisocial PD: disregard for and violation of the rights of others
(not lawful/ethical, self-centred, callous lack concern for
others, deceitful, irresponsible, manipulative, risk-taker).
• Borderline PD: unstable relationships with others, unstable
self-image and emotion, impulsive (unstable self-image and
goals, unstable relationships and emotions, impulsive, risk
taking, hostility).
• Histrionic PD: excessively emotional, attention-seeking.
• Narcissistic PD: grandiose, needs admiration, lacks empathy
(variable and vulnerable self-esteem, attempts regulation
through attention seeking and approval seeking, overt or
covert grandiosity).

Anxious/fearful
• Avoidant PD: socially inhibited, feels inadequate, over-
sensitive to negative evaluation (avoids social situations,
restricted personal relations, feels inept/inadequate, anxious
preoccupation with negative evaluation/rejection, fear
ridicule/embarrassment).
• Dependent PD: submissive, clinging because of an excessive
need to be taken care of.
• Obsessive-compulsive PD: preoccupied with order, perfection,
control.

Suicide risk
DSM: “Of individuals in treatment for Pathological Gambling,
20% are reported to have attempted suicide”
Of 70 patients admitted to an Auckland hospital following a
suicide attempt, 17.3% were screened positive for problem
gambling and:
• 83% used gambling machines
• 75% scored positive on the Cage alcohol screen (cf 31% of
gambling screen negatives)
• 42% alcohol involved in the attempt by PGs (cf 16% of
gambling screen negatives)
• Were more likely to be Maori

Level of
suicide
risk
Financial
problems
Relationship
problems
Alcohol
abuse (50%+)
Mental
Health
problems
Prosecution
risk (50%?)
Social
stigma
Suicide risk

Risk increases with alcohol
High problem gamblers with high daily alcohol consumption can
double the level of suicidal ideation
Kim et al 2016; Wager vol 21(5)
Almost 75% of high problem gamblers may have an alcohol
disorder
Zimmerman et al 2006

Scenario: George
• George (27), single, has relapsed after three sessions with you
where he previously reported success in stopping gambling. He
now feels that trying to stop is hopeless, and cannot see a
future for himself.
• He has previously answered in the screen that he has had
thoughts of self-harm, has thoughts of hanging himself, and
once got as far as putting a rope around his neck, but this was
three years ago.
• In pairs discuss where would you put John’s risk now? What
steps would you take now? What level of risk would you assess
for suicide out of 10 (1=very low risk with no steps required, 10
extremely high risk, immediate action to prevent).

Screening, assessment,
formulation with CEP

Discuss: readiness to deal with CEP
When clients come for the problem of their most concern:
• How ready are they to recognise and deal with new
unrecognised other problems?
• How could we recognise readiness to change the other issues?
• What if they just want to deal with the ‘main issue’?

The CHAT: a New Zealand systematic CEP screen
• Developed in NZ originally for primary health.
• Now starting to be widely used.
• Covers 9 topics with 16 (main) questions around addictions and
health lifestyle issues.
• Originally topics were common but overlooked issues but
happen to be strongly related to addictions and particularly PG.
• Is brief, validated for Asian, Māori, Pacific, and each set of two
(or one) questions are in turn validated and published in
research journals.

Why use CHAT screen?
• The move towards integrating interventions for addictions and
coexisting mental health problems has some evidential
support. (Todd 2010 Te Ariari)
• Especially appropriate, as addictions have high CEP such as
anxiety, depression, AOD.
• CHAT offers additional tests for lifestyle and sub-clinical CEP
issues that otherwise may not be tested for (exercise, abuse,
anger).

Because:
• CEP is addressed (co-existing mental health problems)
• If not addressing other issues (smoking, other addictions such
as alcohol/other drugs, anxiety, being abused, anger, exercise)
may miss a key issue for initiating change, resistance to change,
or relapse risk
• By systematically screening for these issues may avoid missing
them and enhance good practice
Why use CHAT screen?

Lifestyle Assessment form (CHAT)
(Case Finding and Help Assessment Tool)
What we do and how we feel can sometimes affect our health. To help us assist you to reach and
maintain a healthy and enjoyable lifestyle, please answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
How many cigarettes do you smoke on an average day?
 none  less than 1 a day  1-10  11-20  21-30  31 or more
Do you ever feel the need to cut down or stop your smoking? (tick no if you don’t smoke)
 no  yes
 if yes, do you want help with this?  no  yes but not today  yes
Do you ever feel the need to cut down on your drinking alcohol?
(if you don’t drink alcohol, just tick no)
 no  yes
In the last year, have you ever drunk more alcohol than you meant to?
 no  yes
 if yes to either or both of these questions, do you want help with this?  no  yes but not today  yes
Do you ever feel the need to cut down on your non-prescription or recreational drug use?
(if you do not use other drugs, just tick no)
 no  yes
In the last year, have you ever used non-prescription or recreational drugs more than you meant to?
 no  yes
if yes to either or both of these questions, do you want help with this?  no  yes but not today  yes
Do you ever feel unhappy or worried after a session of gambling?
(if you do not gamble, just tick no)
 no  yes
Does gambling sometimes cause you problems?
 no  yes
if yes to either or both of these questions, do you want help with this?  no  yes but not today  yes

During the past month have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
 no  yes
During the past month have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing
things?
 no  yes
During the past month have you been worrying a lot about everyday problems?
 no  yes
What aspects of your life are causing you significant stress at the moment?
 none  relationship  work  home life  money  health  study  other (specify)__________________
Is there anyone in your life whom you are afraid or who hurts you in any way?
 no  yes
Is there anyone in your life who controls you and prevents you doing what you want?
 no  yes
Is controlling your anger sometimes a problem for you?
 no  yes
As a rule, do you do more than 30 minutes of moderate or vigorous exercise (such as walking or a sport)
on 5 days of the week?
 yes  no
 if no, do you want help with this?  no  yes but not today  yes
© Department of General Practice & Primary Health Care The University of Auckland

Anxiety screens
• Brief CHAT:
– Developed by Dept General Practice, Auckland Med School.
– Yes = positive response.
• Can assess for psychological stress by using the Kessler K10
(anxiety and depression).
• Different criteria and length of time for each anxiety disorder:
– Panic (4 or more symptoms over 10 minutes).
– Social (almost always exposed to social situation).
– PTSD (more than 1 month).
– GAD (6 months or more.)

Useful measure of stress
• Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).
• Widely used.
• High correlation of K10 with diagnosis of anxiety and mood
disorders in the past month.
• 10 questions with client electing 1 of 5 scored responses
based upon the time client experiences the problem.
• Then scores totalled and compared with normative ranges NB
check K10 range used as varies – overseas commonly score 1-
5, in NZ may score 0-4.

K10
• Focuses upon the last 4 weeks.
• Doesn't identify any specific disorder as difficult with a brief
screen.
• Identifies psychological distress and future mental health
problems.
• Identifies non-specific mental health problems in the anxiety-
depression spectrum – measures the current level of anxiety-
depressive symptoms in the last 4 weeks.
• Repeat monthly and expect reducing scores when therapy
effective.

KESSLER K10 None of
the time
(0)
A little of
the time
(1)
Some of
the time
(2)
Most of
the time
(3)
All of the
time (4)
1. In the past 4 weeks about how often did you
feel tired out for no good reason?
2. In the past 4 weeks, about how often did you
feel nervous?
feel so nervous that nothing could calm you
down?
feel hopeless?
feel restless or fidgety?
feel so restless you could not sit still?
feel depressed?
feel that everything was an effort?
feel so sad that nothing could cheer you up?
feel worthless?

K10
Oakley-Brown
K10 score Likelihood of having a mental disorder
0-5 Likely to be well
6-11 Likely to have a mild mental disorder
12-19 Likely to have a moderate mental disorder
20-40 Likely to have a severe mental disorder

Assessment
Scofield S 2012
• A respectful, live and dynamic undertaking.
• Much more than data gathering.
• Undertaken when screening or other information sources
identify addiction concerns.
• An initial & integral part of treatment and an on-going
process.

• Identification of the factors most critical to sustaining
substance use / gambling, or posing an immediate risk of
relapse.
• Impact on work, relationships and leisure.
• Thoughts about substance use / gambling including
advantages and disadvantages.
• Includes bio-psycho-social components.
• Recognises the central role of cultural and spiritual wellbeing
in the recovery journey.
Assessment
Scofield S 2012

• Identify positive support networks, including cultural and
spiritual strengths.
• Establish level of motivation to consider change to current
AOD use and problem gambling.
• Identify appropriate & effective initial interventions.
Assessment
Scofield S 2012

Vulnerability
(Predisposing)
Triggers
(Precipitating)
Maintaining
(Perpetuating)
Strengths
(Protecting)
Biological
Tinana
Psychological
Hinengaro
Social
Whanau
Spiritual
Cultural
Wairua
4x4 Grid Planning Tool

Interventions when Problem
Gambling also presents with
significant co-existing problems

Specific issues in treatment: gambling harm
• Useful to screen for depression and check for suicidal ideation,
as gamblers often feel vulnerable & hopeless on disclosure and
feel shame and guilt - effects on family and finances
• Deal with stigma re gamblers - reframe from selfish, cold,
uncaring (hence shame, guilt and “hidden” disorder) to
education re addiction, and address issues of gambler’s fallacy
(real odds, “randomness”)
• Often more co-existing problems in problem gamblers
(awareness of medication possibilities; check for
depression/anxiety/other MH/PD)

Examples of brief interventions
Brief
intervention
Screen and
provide feedback
Motivate to
address other
issues
Refer to
Gambling Harm
or other service
Facilitate the
referral
Maintain
engagement with
the client

Well-being
• Instead of the aim being to reduce addiction harm (and CEP
issues) alone, a well-being perspective includes the aim of
strengthening and enhancing positive aspects in the client’s
life
• Positive aspects of client’s life?

Engagement
• Engagement early in treatment important in outcomes,
especially with CEP.
• Engagement with the clinician (therapeutic alliance), the
service, and the plan.
• Continue with engagement throughout the plan – not just the
beginning.
• Connect and engage the CEP client to the organisation, the
therapist, and the plan.

Motivation
• Motivation to change and readiness for treatment important.
• Zuckoff: some CEP clients may wish to attend treatment but
not wish to change because of the negative effects of not
gambling.
• Motivation can be external or internal (or non-existent).
• Identify clients’ goals.

• Cultural – consider patient’s cultural needs, values.
• Well-being – focus upon wellbeing rather than absence of
dysfunction.
• Engagement – actively strategise patient’s engagement with
case manager, plan and service.
• Motivation - actively enhance motivation, especially CEP MI
techniques.
• Assessment - screen all clients.
• Management - deliver and coordinate multiple interventions
appropriate to treatment phase.
• Integrated care - client needs 1st - in a single setting with
closely linked workers/services.
Seven key principles
when managing CEP clients (Te Ariari)

Addressing CEP
Possibilities are:
• Serial – one problem treated before others.
• Parallel – both treated at same time but separate and
distinct services, and,
• Integrated – addiction and MH problems addressed in a
single service by the same health professionals.
The integrated treatment model is widely considered superior for
people with CEP.

Examples of Integration
• PG and MH delivered by the same team – but often
expensive and difficult to achieve.
• Linking with other services and proactively engaging them
within the plan.
• Use of medication in plan, when required.
• A wide approach to treatment – support, social skills,
rehabilitation.
• Both PG and MH treated as primary.
• Not focusing upon treatments provided by the service, but
the needs of the tangata whaiora.

Exercise: John
John, 27, Maori, is sentenced to intensive supervision because he broke into
shop to ‘get something to sell’ while intoxicated, because he had lost all his
money on the pokies. He tells you:
• His mother was affected by depression (as he is).
• He has developed a distrust of those in positions to control his life.
• He left his home in Opononi when 15 and rarely returns as his close whanau is
mainly in Australia now.
• His father is buried there though, and he returns when he can to visit his grave.
• He has few friends in Auckland.
• He does have a job (storeman) that he likes because he can keep to himself.
• Lately, he has been thinking that he has little reason to ‘hang around’.
• His alcohol use has increased a lot but so has his dark thoughts, his distrust and
irritability with others.
Using the 4x4 matrix, put this information into the boxes, ‘doubling up’ when
appropriate. Does this help to formulate a plan?

Working with both issues
• Same skills? – Motivational approach even more important
(don’t assume at same stage of readiness to change as
drugs).
• Typical day: playing the pokies/having a bet? To understand
how drugs and gambling interact.
• Be aware suicidal ideation – check out regularly (AOD + PG =
↑ suicide risk).
• Developing support important, but PG client isolated and
may be uncomfortable around others who aren't gamblers.

Summary
• PG and AOD are commonly present.
• Screen for AOD and MH issues for all clients.
• Address both AOD and PG in an integrated way.
• Involve other specialist services if necessary, again in an
integrated way.

...or
Integrate PG treatment into your practice:
• Screen systematically.
• Give information how PG & AOD can coexist.
• Give information on risk of moving from AOD post-treatment
to PG.
• Provide interventions that integrate strategies where PG &
AOD co-exist.

Gambling Co-existing Problems (CEP)

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