1. Grammar Book
By: Arturo Chandler

2. Table of Contents
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1. Preterite and Imperfect
2. Por and Para
3. Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns
4. Ordinal numbers
5. Future
6. Prepositions
7. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
8. Reflexives
9. Ud. and Uds. commands

3. Table of Contents(Ext)
• 10. Present Subjunctive
• 11. Present Subjunctive with influence

4. Andar- Anduv
e
i
aste iste
o
io
amos imos
eron ieron
R
e
g
u
l
a
r
Uses of Imperfect:
Estar- Estuv
Preterite
-No definite ending
or beginning.
-Interuption
Poder- Pud
Poner- Pus
Quere- Quis
Car- que
Gar- gue
Zar- ce
Saber- Sup
Stem Changer:
Dormir,
preferir, leer,
etc.
Venir- Vin
Tener- Tuv
Conducir- Conduj
Producir- Produj
Traducir-Traduj
Key words:
Todos los dias
A veces
Cada dia
Generalmente
Imperfect
ARAba
Abas
Aba
Abamos
Abais
Abon
Irregular Words
Ir
Ser
Iba
Era
Ibas
Eras
Iba
Era
Ibamos Eramos
Ibais
Erais
Iban
Eran
Ería
ías
ía
Íais
íbasteis
ían
Ver
Veia
Veias
Veia
Veiamos
Veiais
Veian

5. Por
Para
Motion or a general locationLa excursion nos llevo por el
centro.
Destination-Salimos
para Merida el sabado.
Duration of action- Estuve en
Montevideo por un mes.
Deadline- El va a
arreglar el carro para el
Viernes.
Object of search- Vengo por ti
las ochos.
Purpose-Juan estudia
para mechanic.
Por is used for idiomatic
suggestions-
Employment- Sara
trabaja para telecome.
Por aqui- Around here
Por ejemplo- For examples
Por eso- That’s why therefore
Por fin- Finally
Can change the meaning of the
sentence dependingTrabajo por su padre- He worked
for his father.
Trabajo para su padre- He worked
for his father’s business.

6. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Used for pointing out specific things
Feminine-
MasculineEste
Estos
Esta
Estas
Ese
Esos
Esa
Esas
Aquel
Aquellos
Aquella
Examples:
Aquellas gallinas- Those hens
Esa vaca- That cow.
HINT:
This and These get T’s.
Aquellas

7. Ordinal Numbers
Primero(a)- first
Segundo(a)- second
Tercero(a)-third
Cuarto(a)-fourt
Quinto(a)- fifth
Sexto(a)- sixth
Septimo(a)-seventh
Octavo(a)- eighth
Noveno(a)- ninth
Decimo(a)-tenth
Change when
between
masculine and
feminine.

8. Infinitive:
We will swim.
Nosotros nadaremos
-e
These
-as
endings are
used for all
-a
the verbs:
-emos
AR-ER-IR.
-an
When using the future, you write the
Spanish infinitive verb and add the
ending for what person you are
talking in.

9. Abajo- down
Arriba- up
Debajo de- beneath
Dentro de- within
Encima de- above
Fuera de- Outside
Derecha- Right
Izquierda- Left

10. Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
are used to show possession.
Singular:
Plural:
mio
nuestro
mios
nuestros
tuyo
vuestro
tuyos
vuestros
suyo
suyo
suyos
suyos

11. Reflexives
Me lavo
Te lavas
Se lava
Example:
Hablarse:
Yo me hablo.
I speak myself.
Nos lavamos
Se lavan
Me- myself
Te- yourself
Se- himself,
herself
Nos- ourselves
Se - themselves

12. Ud +Uds commands
Tú-simply drop
the “s”
UD./UDS.- put it in ‘yo’ form
and change to opposite vowel
Los irregulars:
Los irregulars:
Di, haz, ve, pon,
sal, sé, ven
TVDISHES
Tú- put it in ‘yo’
form and change
to opposite vowel,
add an ‘s’
Los irregulars:
TVDISHES
UD/UDS.- same as
above
Los irregulars:
TVDISHES

13. Present Subjunctive
USED TO EXPRESS IDEAS THAT ARE UNCERTAIN OR
HYPOTHERICAL
SUBJUNCTIVE KEYS:
1. A ‘WEIRDO’ verb
2. Two different subjects
3. The word ‘que’
WEIRO MEANING:
W- Wish/Will
E- Emotion
I- Impersonal Expression
R- Request/Recommendation
D- Doubt/Denial
O- Ojalà

14. AconsejarImportar-
InsistirMandarProhibir-
To advise
Present
subjunctive
with
influence
To matter
To insist
To order
To prohibit
Recomendar-
To recommend
Rogar-
To beg
Sugerir-
To suggest

15. Subjunctive w/ Verb of Influence
Common verbs of expressions of emotion:
AlegarseEsperarGustarMolestarSentirSorprenderTemerTener miedoEs extrañ0Es una lastimaEs ridiculoEs terribleEs tristeOjalà-
To be happy
To hope, to wish
To like
To bother
To be sorry
To surprise
To be worried
To be afraid
It’s strange
It’s a shame
It’s ridiculous
It’s terrible
It’s sad
I hope that
I wish that
Use infinitive
after an
expression of
emotion when
there is no
change in
subject.

16. Expressions of certainty:
No dudarNot to doubt
No cabe duda de- There is no doubt
No hay duda de- There is no doubt
Ne negarNot to deny
Estar seguroTo be sure of
Es ciertoIt’s true
Es seguroIt’s certain
Es verdadIt’s true
Es obvioIt’s obvious
Que significa:
Quizàs and tal vez
imply uncertainty
Expressions of doubt,
disbelief, or denial:
DudarNegarNo creerNo estar seguroNo es cierto
No es seguroNo es verdadEs imposibleEs improbableEs possibleEs probable-
To doubt
To deny
Not to believe
Not to be sure
It’s not true
It’s not certain
It’s not true
It’s impossible
It’s improbable
It’s possible
It’s probable

17. Subjunctive with Conjunctions
Conjunctions that
require the subjunctive:
A menos queAntes queCon tal queEn caso quePara queSin que-
Unless
Before
Provided that
In case that
So that
Without
Use the infinitive after the
prepositions antes de, para,
and sin when there is no
change in subject.
Conjunctions used with
subjunctive or indicative:
Use the indicative if
the verb in the main
clause expresses an
action that
habitually happens
or happened in the
past.
CuandoDespuès queEn cuantoHasta queTan pronto que-
When
After
As soon as
Until
As soon as
Use the subjunctive in
the subordinate clause
if the main clause
expresses a future
action or command